Extraction and preconcentration of vanadium from food samples using aqueous two-phase systems by a multivariate study

Risk to Humans Posed by Vanadium from Naturally Growing Edible Mushrooms and Topsoils across Leicestershire, UK

“…Humans are exposed to small amounts of V through their diet and drinking water; although it does not represent a potential risk, as most of the dietary V is excreted in faeces [2]. V plays an essential and toxic role in humans at concentrations below 10 µg/day; meanwhile, at concentrations higher than 3 mg/day, it is considered extremely toxic for humans [3]. Contrarily, the essentiality of V has been proven for some terrestrial fungi [4].…”

“…This information is crucial to protect human health, as metal accumulation in mushrooms can significantly vary between species, including within the same taxonomic rank [6]. Thus, Neves et al [3] has reported on the concentrations of V in shitake mushrooms that are below the limit of detection (0.022 µg/kg), while Niedzielski et al [6] has described averages of V of 1.3 mg/kg dry weight (dw) in Lactarius deliciosus.…”