Extraction and Quality Evaluation of Biodiesel from Six Familiar Non-Edible Plants Seeds

Abstract

Biodiesel produced from non-edible plant sources is cost-effective, biodegradable, environment friendly, and compatible with petro-diesel, but new sources and extraction processes still need to be discovered. Here, we explored the fuel properties of seeds from six non-edible plant sources, including Sapindus mukorossi (Soapnut, SP), Vernicia fordii (Tung, TO), Ricinus communis (Castor, CA), Toona sinensis (Juss. TS), Ailanthus altissima (Heaven tree, AA), and Linum usitatissimum L. (Lin seed, LS) from China. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained by optimizing the most important variables (reaction temperature, ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil, catalyst, mixing intensity, and purity of reactants) that influence the transesterification reaction of the biodiesel. All six plants contained high seed oil content (SOC; % w/v) with the highest in the TO-54.4% followed by SP-51%, CA-48%, LS-45%, AA-38%, and TS-35%, respectively, and all expressed satisfactory physico-chemical properties as per international standards of ASTM D6751 and EN14214. Our data provide a scientific basis for growing these plants in unproductive agricultural lands as an alternative energy sources for biodiesel production either standalone or blended with petro-diesel.

Thevetia peruviana Seed Oil Transesterification for Biodiesel Production: An Optimization Study

“…The use of methods likes chromatography and spectroscopy to evaluate the quality, production, and monitoring of biodiesel is widely known. The GC-MS, infrared spectroscopy, and 1 H & 13 C NMR techniques are the most eff ective, user-friendly, and quick ways to identify FAMEs, their properties, the presence of functional groups, and their distinctive structures.…”

“…A proton can be donated to the carbonyl group by acids to catalyze the reaction, but a proton can also be withdrawn from the alcohol by bases to catalyze the reaction, making the alcohol more reactive. Additionally, biodiesel can be made via a supercritical alcohol transesterifi cation [13,14]. As a sustainable, low-carbon, and ecologically friendly alternative to traditional transportation fuels, biodiesel-a fuel made from non-edible oils-has received praise.…”

“…C NMR analysis: The typical ester carbonyl peaks of the 13 C NMR spectra are shown at 174.24 and 51.34 ppm, respectively. Figure 10 depicts the 13 C NMR spectra.…”

Flavonol profiles of mature leaves allow discriminating Toona sinensis Roem from different north-south geographical origins across China with varied antioxidant activities

“…Roem (Meliaceae), is widely distributed throughout Asia, including China, Malaysia, India, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, and Java, and has many uses [ 16 ]. The wood (used for the production of boards) [ 17 ], seeds (used for oil production) [ 18 ], young buds (picked in early spring with length ≤20 cm, used as vegetables) [ 19 ], roots and bark (used for Traditional Chinese Medicines) [ 20 ] of T. sinensis have been commercially exploited for centuries. In China, the nutritious buds with distinct flavours are the mainstay of T. sinensis industry, with over 1.3 × 10 5 ha cultivated specifically for bud harvesting [ 21 ].…”

Plastid DNA Barcoding and RtActin cDNA Fragment Isolation of Reutealis Trisperma: A Promising Bioresource for Biodiesel Production

“…This could reduce global carbon emissions and might be sustainable as renewable bioresources. 9 Some non-edible plant-based bioenergy have been studied, including Jatropha curcas , 10 Ceiba pentandra , 11 Calophyllum inophyllum , 12 Azadirachta indica , 13 Hevea brassiliensis , 14 Melia azedarach , 15 Nicotiana tabacum , 16 Pongamia pinnata , 17 Sapindus mukorossi , 18 Simmondsia chinensis , 19 Madhuca indica , 20 Datura stramonium , 21 Carberra odollam , 22 and Silybum marianum . 23 Recently, the potential of various tropical and non-edible plants, such as R trisperma , for biodiesel production has been reported.…”