Extraction and Quantification of Azelaic Acid from Different Wheat Samples (Triticum durum Desf.) and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities

Abstract

Azelaic Acid (AzA) is a 9-carbon atom dicarboxylic acid, with numerous pharmacological uses in dermatology. Its effectiveness in papulopustular rosacea and acne vulgaris, among other dermatological disorders such as keratinization and hyper-pigmentation, is thought to be related to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It is a by-product of Pityrosporum fungal mycelia metabolism but also it is found in different cereals such as barley, wheat, and rye. Diverse topical formulations of AzA exist in commerce, and it is mainly produced via chemical synthesis. In this study we describe the extraction of AzA from whole grains and whole-grain flour (Triticum durum Desf.) through green methods. Seventeen different extracts were prepared and analyzed for their AzA content by HPLC-MS methods and then screened for their antioxidant activity using spectrophotometric assays (ABTS, DPPH, and Folin–Ciocalteu). Minimum-inhibitory-concentration (MIC) assays against several bacterial and fungal pathogens were performed, to validate their antimicrobial activity. The obtained results indicate that whole grain extracts provide a wider spectrum of activity than the flour matrix; in particular, the Naviglio® extract showed higher AzA content, while the hydroalcoholic ultrasound-assisted extract provided better antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The data analysis was performed using principal component analysis (PCA), as an unsupervised-pattern-recognition technique, to extract useful analytical and biological information.

Antioxidant capacity sources of soils under different land uses

“…Another representative of this group found in the studied topsoils was azelaic acid. This 9-carbon atom dicarboxylic acid is produced by a variety of plants, commonly wheat species, in response to biotic and abiotic stress conditions 46 , therefore having antioxidant properties.…”

Medium-chain dicarboxylic acids: chemistry, pharmacological properties, and applications in modern pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries

“…AZA's endogenous plasma levels and daily urine excretion are very reliant on food intake. 15 Likewise, castor, ironweed ( Vernonia galamensis ), and Rose of Sharon ( Hibiscus syriacus ) are just a few of the plants that contain large amounts of SUBA. SUBA is produced both endogenously in the human body and exogenously by plants.…”

Antioxidant and Wound Healing Bioactive Potential of Extracts Obtained from Bark and Needles of Softwood Species

“…Quinic and shikimic acids show antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects; hence, they are used as industrial precursors for the synthesis of oseltamivir phosphate, known as the antiinfluenza drug Tamiflu, which is used to treat influenza A and B [125,126]. Taxifolin, azelaic, and etienic acids exhibit strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitumor, antibacterial, and enzyme-inhibiting activities [124,134]; lucidumoside A was shown to have antioxidant activity against the hemolysis of red blood cells induced by free radicals and antiviral activity [135]; carnosol; and antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activity, while carnosol and carnosic acid shows antioxidant and antiproliferative activities [136], and pinoresinol is a plant lignan with anticancer, hypoglycemic, and antifungal activities [137]. Diosbulbinoside F is a compound identified in the rhizome of D. bulbifera that has been used in folk and traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of thyroid diseases and cancer [138].…”