Extraction and Separation of Active Ingredients in Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill and the Study of their Antifungal Effects

Abstract

Schisandra chinensis extracts (SEs) have traditionally been used as an oriental medicine for the treatment of various human diseases, however, their further application in the biocontrol of plant disease remains poorly understood. This study was conducted to develop eco-friendly botanical pesticides from extracts of S. chinensis and assess whether they could play a key role in plant disease defense. Concentrated active fractions (SE-I, SE-II, and SE-III) were obtained from S. chinensis via specific extraction and separation. Then, lignan-like substances, such as Schisanhenol B, were detected via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-ElectroSpray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) analyses of the active fractions. Moreover, the results from biological tests on colony growth inhibition and spore germination indicated that SE-I, SE-II, and SE-III could inhibit hyphal growth and spore generation of three important plant pathogenic fungi (Monilinia fructicola, Fusarium oxysporum, and Botryosphaeria dothidea). The study of the mechanisms of resistant fungi revealed that the oxidation resistance system, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), was activated. The expression of genes related to defense, such as pathogenesis-related protein (PR4), α-farnesene synthase (AFS), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were shown to be up-regulated after treatment with SEs, which suggested an increase in apple immunity and that fruits were induced to effectively defend against the infection of pathogenic fungi (B. dothidea). This study revealed that SEs and their lignans represent promising resources for the development of safe, effective, and multi-targeted agents against pathogenic fungi.

Systematic Chemical Analysis Approach Reveals Superior Antioxidant Capacity via the Synergistic Effect of Flavonoid Compounds in Red Vegetative Tissues

“…For HPLC-ESI-MS analyses of the flavonoids, we followed the method of Yi et al ( 2016 ) with modification. Experimental standards of cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, astilbin, phloridzin, rutin, quercetin-3-O-arabinoside, quercetin, and luteolin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany); experimental standards of 4-O-coumaroyl quinic acid, procyanidin B2, (-)-epicatechin, and taxifolin-3-O-glucoside were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Poole, U.K.); data obtained for experimental standards and information regarding the identified compounds were combined to identify the flavonoids.…”

“…Total RNA was extracted from leaves at S6 and used and real-time PCR analysis following by Yi et al ( 2016 ). The primers used are listed in Supplementary Table S2 .…”

Recent insights on anti-dengue virus (DENV) medicinal plants: review on in vitro, in vivo and in silico discoveries

“…Schisandra chinensis (Family: Schisandraceae) is a plant commonly found in northeastern China, whose fruits had been used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, respiratory failure, cardiovascular diseases, body fatigue, excessive sweating, and insomnia besides showing neuro and hepato-protective, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-cancer activities (Yi et al 2016). Schisandrin A (bioactive lignan from Schisandra chinensis) inhibited DENV-1, -2, -3 and -4 serotypes following concentration and time-dependent manner, and is capable to protect mice against DENV infection (Yu et al 2017).…”

Evaluation of the status quo of polyphenols analysis: Part II—Analysis methods and food processing effects

“…For instance; Chen et al (2019) developed a simple and rapid method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) combined with silica gel and eluted with methanol and HPLC, where HPLC-MS/MS triple quadrupole was also utilized for the quantification of lignans found in espresso coffee. More hyphenated analyses have been also employed for lignans such as a micro-matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) technique coupled with microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC), which was used to determine lignan derivatives in Schisandra fruit extract (Chu et al, 2017), rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC) (Ma et al, 2011), extractive atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (EAPPI-MS; Liu et al, 2017), HPLC-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) (Yi et al, 2016), two-channel LC with electrochemical detection system (2LC-ECD) (Xue, Kotani, Yang, & Hakamata, 2018) as well as even more hyphenated techniques such as HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS (Li et al, 2015), HPLC-ESI ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/IT/MS) (Taamalli et al, 2013), UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS and UHPLC-PDA (Sun et al, 2018), and UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS (Bhatt, Sharma, Kumar, Sharma, & Singh, 2017). Besides LC, some gas chromatographic techniques have been also developed to detect lignans as their trimethylsilyl ester derivatives (Willför, Smeds, & Holmbom, 2006) (Table 5).…”