Extraction of bio-oil from nonedible urban waste source using Bauhinia variegata seeds

Effects of extraction parameters on the yield of oils from non-edible seeds of Bauhinia variegata and Pachira glabra

“…The methodology described by Suganya and Renganathan [ 37 ] and Khan et al [ 38 ] was adopted as part of the extraction process. A Soxhlet apparatus equipped with a 250 ml round-bottom, containing 99 % pure normal hexane as the solvent (selected based on the work of [ 3 , 25 ]), was used for extraction ( Fig. 1 A).…”

“…The balloon containing the oil was placed in an oven at 100 °C for 12 h to remove solvent residues. After cooling in a desiccator, the balloon was weighed [ 3 ] and the extraction yield (%) was calculated based on Equation (1) . Where: M 1 is the mass of the sample (g), M 2 is the mass of oil produced (g).…”

“…The growth in energy needs is mainly based on the exploitation of fossil fuels, dominating at 80 % [ 1 ]. Although fossil fuels play a crucial role in industrial, transportation, and agricultural development, they, as a major source of energy, are non-renewable sources and could therefore be on the verge of depletion [ 2 , 3 ]. And this is three decades from now, as British Petroleum announced in 2016, in its World Energy Statistical Review [ 4 ].…”

“…Moreover, the use of fossil fuels contributes to various concerns, including the progression of global warming, air pollution, environmental problems [ 5 ], and rising crude oil prices [ 6 ]. Therefore, it is necessary to propose more suitable alternative fuels [ 5 ], renewable, non-polluting, and sustainable [ 3 ]. These challenges have led to the valorization of vegetable oils for biodiesel production [ 7 ], thus making it a promising future as an alternative energy source [ 8 , 9 ].…”

“…From the literature, Govindhan et al [ 3 ] evaluated the influence of extraction time and the nature of the solvent on the BVSO yield by solvent extraction method. In another study, Yatish et al [ 17 ] extracted BVSO using n -hexane for an extraction time of 4 hours.…”