Extraction of copper, nickel and cobalt from sea nodules

Sridhar, R.; Jones, W. E.; Warner, J. S.

doi:10.1007/bf03354284

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, the recovery of manganese, molybdenum and vanadium is of interest or at least the The expected resources of cobalt, manganese and nickel in manganese nodules solely in the CCZ surpass the reserves of those metals on land [4]. Due to the abundance of high-grade manganese ore on land, utilizing the nodules as a source of copper and nickel only is of interest [5]. A process that additionally recovers cobalt is desirable due to the criticality of cobalt and its importance in the area of clean energy technology [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, different extraction processes for utilizing manganese nodules could be categorized into hydrometallurgical processes and pyrometallurgical enrichment processes with subsequent hydrometallurgical downstream processing to separate valuable metals. Already in the 1970s, the International Nickel Corporation (Inco) proposed a process, the so-called "Inco-process" [5], to utilize polymetallic deep-sea nodules as a resource for nickel, copper and cobalt. The process is based on well-known metallurgical unit operations like drying, selective reduction, smelting, oxidizing, sulfiding and converting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“Zero-Waste”: A Sustainable Approach on Pyrometallurgical Processing of Manganese Nodule Slags

et al. 2018

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A continuously growing demand for valuable non-ferrous metals and therefore an increase in their prices at the metal exchanges makes it necessary and profitable to investigate alternative metal resources. Polymetallic deep-sea nodules contain cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum and nickel, and are highly abundant on the sea floor. Developing a metallurgical process to recover the metal content from manganese nodules can close the predicted supply gap of critical metals like cobalt. This paper investigated a potential extraction process for valuable metals from manganese nodules supplied by the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources. The samples originated from the German license area of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean. Due to a low concentration of valuable metals in nodules, a pyrometallurgical enrichment step was carried out to separate cobalt, copper, molybdenum and nickel in a metallic phase. The manganese was discarded in the slag and recovered in a second smelting step as ferromanganese. To aid the experiments, FactSageTM was used for thermodynamic modeling of the smelting steps. To increase metal yields and to alter the composition of the metal alloys, different fluxes were investigated. The final slag after two reduction steps were heavy-metal free and a utilization as a mineral product was desired to ensure a zero-waste process.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Zero-Waste”: A Sustainable Approach on Pyrometallurgical Processing of Manganese Nodule Slags

et al. 2018

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“…1 7 and Okabe and Ok uwak i 18 reviewed extraction metallurgy, mining and market of nodules and favored hydrometallurgical processes against pyrometallurgical methods of treatment. On the other hand, Sridhar et al 19 in their review article advocated the pyrometallurgical treatment in preference to other alternatives, while Cardwell?" favored hightemperature chlorination followed by hydrometallurgy routes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Metallurgy and Processing of Marine Manganese Nodules

Fuerstenau

Han

1983

Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review

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This paper reviews the stale of the art in processing and extraction of ocean floor manganese nodules. It briefly reviews the mining sites where the abundant rich nodules occur and also discusses the metal distribution in nodules in view of economical processing and extraction of these metal values.The paper discloses in a detailed manner the physical and chemical characteristics of nodules. including porosity, surface area, water content and the effect of temperature on crystal structure of major constituents of nodules.In the extraction aspect of nodules, the paper reviews two different extraction schemes revealed in the literature, namely hydrometallurgical treatment and pyrometallurgical treatment. The hydrometallurgical treatments include acid leaching, ammonia leaching, leaching with reducing agents and leaching after high temperature pre-treatments such as in sulfating roasting, while the pyrometallurgical processes include smelting, chlorination-vaporization and segregation. The paper also covers metal recovery processes from leach liquor.An economic survey of processing nodules has been made in terms of problems associated with metal-marketing. and impact of metal production from nodules on mineral industries.

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“…The aim of this process is to reduce the mass that has to be leached in the hydrometallurgical process. [5] The Inco process, shown in Fig. 1, starts with a combined drying and reduction step, which takes place at 1000°C in a rotary kiln.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sridhar et al suggested pressure oxidation leaching (POX). [5] In recent years, the German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources (BGR) together with RWTH Aachen University improved the Inco process, with the aim to bring the process to industrial scale. The RWTH Aachen optimized the pyrometallurgical approach in order to develop a zero-waste process in which all components of the nodules can be utilized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concept for a Hydrometallurgical Processing of a Copper‐Cobalt‐Nickel Alloy Made from Manganese Nodules

Keber

Brückner

Elwert

et al. 2020

Chemie Ingenieur Technik

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The processing of manganese nodules for the production of raw materials has been a subject of research for many decades. The nodules contain many valuable metals like copper, cobalt and nickel. In recent years, the German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources developed a process for the processing of manganese nodules based on a combined pyro‐ and a hydrometallurgical route. Clausthal University of Technology was assigned to develop the hydrometallurgical process for the treatment of a FeNiCuCo alloy. The developed process consists of pressurized sulfuric acid leaching with the suppression of hydrogen gas formation, precipitation and solvent extraction.

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Extraction of copper, nickel and cobalt from sea nodules

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

“Zero-Waste”: A Sustainable Approach on Pyrometallurgical Processing of Manganese Nodule Slags

“Zero-Waste”: A Sustainable Approach on Pyrometallurgical Processing of Manganese Nodule Slags

Metallurgy and Processing of Marine Manganese Nodules

Concept for a Hydrometallurgical Processing of a Copper‐Cobalt‐Nickel Alloy Made from Manganese Nodules

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