Extraction of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions by free fatty acid-rich oils as green extractants

Extraction of Cu(II) From Acidic Sulfate Media by Palm Kernel Fatty Acid Distillate: Stoichiometry and Thermodynamic Studies

“…The extraction of Cu(II) ions was performed based on the shake-out test as delineated in our previous work (Halim et al, 2020(Halim et al, , 2019. Initially, 15 ml of PKFAD was mixed with a prepared aqueous solution at 0.5:1 organic to aqueous volume ratio in a glass-stoppered conical flask.…”

“…In this work, multiple FFAs consisting of lauric acid (49 wt%), myristic acid (17 wt%), oleic acid (11 wt%), palmitic acid (10 wt%), octanoic acid (5 wt%), decanoic acid (4 wt%), and stearic acid (2 wt%) (Halim et al, 2020(Halim et al, , 2019 were used as the extractants, while a mixture of kerosene (added diluent) and other minor components of PKFAD, mainly tri-, di-and monoacylglycerols (Ibrahim, 2013), was employed as the diluent. Other similar works, by contrast, applied lauric acid as the sole extractant and chloroform (F. Adjel and D.Barkat, 2011), cyclohexane (Guerdouh and Barkat, 2015), or toluene (Guerdouh and Barkat, 2015) as the sole diluent.…”

“…Recently, there is an increasing trend towards the utilization of green organic solvents in solvent extraction for resource recovery following the growing public awareness of environmental issues (Chang, 2020). In this regard, our research team has successfully used a processing residue from palm kernel oil refinery, namely, palm kernel fatty acid distillate (PKFAD), as a novel low-cost and environmentally benign organic solvent for Cu(II) extraction from acidic sulfate media (Halim et al, 2020(Halim et al, , 2019. PKFAD is a lipid material with a high free fatty acid (FFA) content of 92 wt% (Halim et al, 2020).…”

“…In this regard, our research team has successfully used a processing residue from palm kernel oil refinery, namely, palm kernel fatty acid distillate (PKFAD), as a novel low-cost and environmentally benign organic solvent for Cu(II) extraction from acidic sulfate media (Halim et al, 2020(Halim et al, , 2019. PKFAD is a lipid material with a high free fatty acid (FFA) content of 92 wt% (Halim et al, 2020). We had previously found that FFAs were the active components of PKFAD that extracted up to 98% of Cu(II) from acidic sulfate media by a cation exchange mechanism (Halim et al, 2019).…”

Optimization for Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Cd(II) over Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Ionic Liquid Aliquat 336 with Tributyl Phosphate

“…Organophosphorus-based extractants, such as di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (PC88A), and di-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272), were used to extract of Cd(II) from synthetic sulfate solutions by cation exchange mechanism [ 9 ]. Free fatty acid-rich oil derived from palm kernel distillate had been introduced for Cu(II) extraction, as green and renewable extractants without the need of diluent for its low melting point, low density, low water solubility, and moderate viscosity [ 10 ]. However, the new fatty acid has not been tested with the separation of other metals, and its selectivity for other metals is not specified.…”