Extraction of lithium from β-spodumene using chlorination roasting with calcium chloride

Barbosa, Lucía; González, Jorge A.; Ruiz, Manuel

doi:10.1016/j.tca.2015.02.009

Cited by 109 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 powders were synthesized by a facile solid‐state method. Stoichiometric amounts of Ni(NO 3 ) 2 ⋅6 H 2 O and Mn(NO 3 ) 2 ⋅4 H 2 O (Sigma Aldrich) were mixed with LiCl obtained from β‐spodumene . The latter salt was added in excess to compensate for the Li volatilization during calcination.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[16,17] To date, Li 2 CO 3 ,L iOH, and Li(CH 3 COO)·2 H 2 Oh ave been used as the main Li precursors. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] We propose to use LiCl as al ower-cost Li source,o btained from b-spodumene in previousi nvestigations [26] to advance from the mineral to an end-use application.F urthermore, ao ne-step heatt reatment is proposed to save energy consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The upgraded graphite was coupled with the LMNO obtained through the process proposed herein, to evaluatet he electrochemicalp erformance of both electrodes in ar eal high voltage Li-ion cell. [26] The latter salt was added in excess to compensate for the Li volatilization during calcination. The mixture was thoroughly ground and then calcined in at ubular alumina furnace at 800 8Ci na ir for 1h.T he solid product obtained was washed with Milli-Q water,f iltered, and dried in an oven at 70 8Cf or 2h.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simple and Eco‐Friendly Fabrication of Electrode Materials and Their Performance in High‐Voltage Lithium‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2020

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The huge consumption of rechargeable Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) make it necessary to recover and reuse the different components of spent batteries, thus favoring sustainable development. Graphite is a critical material in the manufacture of the current LIBs so recycling it should be prioritized in the management of spent batteries. In this work, graphite is manually recovered from spent batteries used in smartphones. The impurities from the different components of the batteries are drastically reduced by simple leaching with HCl. This treatment significantly improves the delivered specific capacity, with average values of 300 and 390 mAh g−1 without and with leaching, respectively. To test recycled graphite as an anode material in real cells, it is paired with LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, the most promising cathode material for high‐voltage batteries. LiCl, produced directly by chlorination of spodumene, is used as the Li source to obtain the spinel sample. The real cell gives satisfactory values for both initial specific capacity (100 mAh g−1) and capacity retention after 100 cycles. These results are comparable to and in some cases even better than those for cells that use commercial graphite and conventional Li sources as primary raw materials. Moreover, the cell shows good performance during the rate capability test; the delivered capacity values decrease smoothly from 73 to 62 mAh g−1 while the rate increases from 0.1 to 1 C.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simple and Eco‐Friendly Fabrication of Electrode Materials and Their Performance in High‐Voltage Lithium‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2020

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“…Chlorides have been reported to be beneficial for the extraction of certain metals, e.g., nickel and lithium, from minerals in the presence of silica because of the chloride segregation effect [25][26]. Hence, we introduced calcium chloride.…”

Section: Direct Reduction and Magnetic Separationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of iron from copper tailings via low-temperature direct reduction and magnetic separation: process optimization and mineralogical study

Jiao

Xing

Wang

et al. 2017

Int J Miner Metall Mater

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Currently, the majority of copper tailings are not effectively developed. Worldwide, large amounts of copper tailings generated from copper production are continuously dumped, posing a potential environmental threat. Herein, the recovery of iron from copper tailings via low-temperature direct reduction and magnetic separation was conducted; process optimization was carried out, and the corresponding mineralogy was investigated. The reduction time, reduction temperature, reducing agent (coal), calcium chloride additive, grinding time, and magnetic field intensity were examined for process optimization. Mineralogical analyses of the sample, reduced pellets, and magnetic concentrate under various conditions were performed by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry to elucidate the iron reduction and growth mechanisms. The results indicated that the optimum parameters of iron recovery include a reduction temperature of 1150°C, a reduction time of 120 min, a coal dosage of 25%, a calcium chloride dosage of 2.5%, a magnetic field intensity of 100 mT, and a grinding time of 1 min. Under these conditions, the iron grade in the magnetic concentrate was greater than 90%, with an iron recovery ratio greater than 95%.

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“…Various processes, including traditional acid or alkaline digestion, or the recently-proposed roasting using sodium or calcium salts via ion exchange, have been reported to successfully extract lithium from spodumene [9][10][11][12][13]. These extraction processes are generally divided into two modules Hydrofluoric acid, which is capable of dissolving many materials, is specially used for etching SiO2 or silicon compounds in the microelectronic industry [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Enhanced Leaching of Lithium from α-Spodumene Using Hydrofluoric and Sulfuric Acid

et al. 2017

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An effective method using hydrofluoric and sulfuric acid was proposed to enhance the leaching of lithium from α-spodumene, without calcination that is subjected to 1000 • C for phase transformation. The thermodynamic feasibility of the reactions was firstly verified. Dissolution conditions were tested to maximize the leaching efficiency of lithium and with efficient utilization of hydrofluoric acid (HF) served as evaluation criteria. The results showed that 96% of lithium could be transferred into lixivium with an ore/HF/H 2 SO 4 ratio of 1:3:2 (g/mL/mL), at 100 • C for 3 h. Due to the fact that HF molecules were the main reaction form, the dissolution behaviors were theoretically represented and investigated by dissolution in HF/H 2 SO 4 . When combined with chemical elements analyses and characterizations, the results of the dissolution behaviors revealed that α-spodumene and albite were preferentially dissolved over quartz. Insoluble fluoroaluminates, such as

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Extraction of lithium from β-spodumene using chlorination roasting with calcium chloride

Cited by 109 publications

References 11 publications

Simple and Eco‐Friendly Fabrication of Electrode Materials and Their Performance in High‐Voltage Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Simple and Eco‐Friendly Fabrication of Electrode Materials and Their Performance in High‐Voltage Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Recovery of iron from copper tailings via low-temperature direct reduction and magnetic separation: process optimization and mineralogical study

Investigation of Enhanced Leaching of Lithium from α-Spodumene Using Hydrofluoric and Sulfuric Acid

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