Extraction of low-polarity compounds (with emphasis on coumarin and kaurenoic acid) fromMikania glomerata (‘guaco’) leaves

Abstract

Five methods for the extraction of low‐polarity compounds from Mikania glomerata Spreng. (Compositae) leaves were compared: conventional maceration, maceration with sonication, Soxhlet, and supercritical fluid extraction using hexane (SFE‐hexane) or carbon dioxide (SFE‐CO2) as the extraction fluid. Evaluation of these methods by relating extraction yield to extraction time showed that SFE‐hexane was the most efficient method. SFE‐CO2 showed a lower yield, but significantly higher than conventional methods (maceration and Soxhlet). SFE‐hexane and maceration gave the highest yield of coumarin, while maceration under sonication gave the highest yield of kaurenoic acid. Among the further chemical constituents of Mikania glomerata leaves identified by high resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry were lupeol and lupeol acetate. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Optimization of Extraction Condition for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SCCO 2) Extraction of Strobhilantes crispus (Pecah Kaca) Leaves by Response Surface Methodology

“…SC-CO 2 is a good solvent for the extraction of nonpolar compounds such as hydrocarbons [1]. On the other hand, the most frequent limitation of carbon dioxide as an extraction solvent is that its polarity is often too low to obtain efficient extraction for polar is compounds, either because the lack of sufficient solubility or the extraction has poor ability to displace the analytes from matrix site [2].…”

Mikania glomerata and M. laevigata: Clinical and Toxicological Advances

“…In the essential oil of guaco, a variety of compounds have been found, including -acorenol, -cadinol, -copaene, -humulene, -muurolol, -pinene, -terpinol, -pinene, -farnesene, -bourbonene, -cubebene, -elemene, -caryophyllene, -elemene, (E)--ocimene, (E)-nerolidol, p-cymene, , , and Δ cardinene, and TAU-caudynol, epi--bisabolol, epi--muurolol, aromadendrene, bicyclogermacrene, caryophyllene oxid, citronellyl acetate, coumarin, cubebene, elemol, germacrene-B, germacrene-D, globulol, limonene, linalol, myrcene, nerolidol E, nonanal, sabinene, silvestrene, spathulenol, terpin 4-ol, trans-ocymene, trans-cariophyllene and 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (Radunz, 2004;Duarte et al, 2005;Rehder et al, 2006). In hexanic and dichloromethane extracts, the presence of coumarin, o-coumaric acid, campesterol, kaurenoic acid, grandiforic acid, stigmasterol, lupeol, lupeol acetate, germacrene, sesquiterpenes, 11-methylbutanoic acid, ent-15 -benzoyloxykaur-16(17)-en-19-oic acid, 17-hydroxy-ent-kaur-15(16)-en-19-oic acid, -sitosterol and peroxides has been described (Oliveira et al, 1984;Vilegas et al, 1997a;Vilegas et al, 1997b;Santos et al, 1999;Veneziani et al, 1999;Cabral et al, 2001;Schenkel et al, 2002;Contini et al, 2006). Hydroalcoholic extracts are the most common preparations that have been commercialized for therapeutic purposes, and the majority of phytochemical assays that have been conducted have been to evaluate their chemical compositions.…”

“…Thus, using different analytical procedures, the presence of a large number of compounds has been described, including stigmasterol, phytol, 1-ethoxy-1-phenylethanol, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, hexanoic acid, ethyl hexadecanoate, ethyl linoleoate, kaurenol, an isomer of kaurenoic acid, spathulenol, hexadecanoic acid, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, cupressenic acid, isopropiloxigrandifloric acid, 2-5-ciclohexadiene-1,4-dione,2,6-bis, 1-octadecene, octadecanoic acid, ester diterpenic, caryophyllene oxide, 10, 13-octadecadienoic acid, isobutiloxigrandifloric acid, trans-cariofileno, 8,11-octadecadienoic acid, lupeol, lupeol www.intechopen.com Toxicity and Drug Testing 300 acetate, benzoylgrandifloric and cinnamoylgrandifloric acids (Oliveira et al, 1993;Moura et al, 2002;Biavatti et al, 2004;Santos, 2005;Yatsuda et al, 2005;Bertolucci et al, 2008;Alves et al, 2009;Bolina et al, 2009;Muceneeki et al, 2009). In quantitative terms, the most prevalent metabolites of hydroalcoholic extracts are coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) (Biavatti et al, 2004;Bueno & Bastos, 2009), o-coumaric acid (Santos, 2005), dihydrocoumarin (Alves et al, 2009), syringaldehyde (Muceneeki et al, 2009) and kaurenoic acid (Vilegas et al, 1997a;Vilegas et al, 1997b;Yatsuda et al, 2005;Bertolucci et al, 2008). These substances have been associated with the therapeutic effects of guaco because they have anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator properties.…”

Mikania glomerata Spreng. e M. laevigata Sch. Bip. ex Baker, Asteraceae: estudos agronômicos, genéticos, morfoanatômicos, químicos, farmacológicos, toxicológicos e uso nos programas de fitoterapia do Brasil

“…IV, 2005. Tricoma glandular peltado e tricoma glandular unisseriado, com variável número de células na base e com célula terminal esférica ou espatulada são encontrados em depressão na epiderme, sendo este em maior frequência Lucas, 1942;Oliveira et al, 1984Oliveira et al, , 1985aOliveira et al, , 1993Oliveira et al, , 1994Vilegas et al, 1997;Veneziani et al, 1999;Fierro et al, 1999;Magalhães, 2000;Franchi, 2000;Cabral et al, 2001;Moura et al, 2002;Lima & Biasi, 2002;Castro, 2002;Yatsuda et al, 2005Costa et al, 2008;Silva et al, 2008. Cumarina; diidrocumarina; ácido o-cumárico Oliveira et al, 1984Oliveira et al, , 1994Biguetti, 1999;Magalhães, 2000;Lima & Biasi, 2002;Biavatti et al, 2004;Bighetti et al, 2005;Yatsuda et al, 2005;Santos et al, 2006;Graça et al, 2007b. Oliveira et al, 1984Oliveira et al, , 1985aOliveira et al, , 1993Oliveira et al, , 1994Oliveira et al, , 1999Vilegas et al, 1997;Veneziani et al, 1999;Fierro et al, 1999;Moura et al, 2002;Amaral et al, 2003;Yatsuda et al, 2005.…”