Extraction of Lycopene from Tomato Using Hydrophobic Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Terpenes and Fatty Acids

Abstract

The present study proposes a green extraction approach for the recovery of lycopene from tomato fruits. Different hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents (HNADESs) based on terpenes (i.e., menthol and thymol) and fatty acids (i.e., decanoic acid and dodecanoic acid) were prepared at different molar ratios, characterised in terms of density, rheological properties, and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and were examined for their effectiveness to extract lycopene from tomato. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimise the extraction parameters, namely duration (min) and solvent:solid ratio (v/w). Spectrophotometry and RP-HPLC-DAD were used in order to monitor the process efficiency. The combination of decanoic acid and dodecanoic acid was found to exhibit comparable extraction capacity to acetone. Taking into account that the HNADESs used in the present study are considered green, biodegradable and of low cost, the obtained carotenoid rich extracts are expected to be of use in industrial food applications.

Coupling deep eutectic solvents with innovative extraction techniques towards plant derived bioactive compositions

“…, (ref. 31,33–35)). If a DES system is too viscous, its viscosity can be easily adjusted by adding water 19 (up to about 40–50%, w/w).…”

“…Recently, an increasing number of publications employ FT-IR spectroscopy in the frame of the characterization of the prepared DES. For example, Kyriakoudi et al 34 employed FT-IR spectroscopy in order to examine the successful formation of different hydrophobic NADESs based on terpenes and fatty acids that were used to extract lycopene from tomatoes. Lanjekar and Rathod 35 prepared and characterized different choline chloride-based NADESs for the extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from Glycyrrhiza glabra .…”

“…Using the same methodology, tomato carotenoids (∼37%) were also recovered from a hydrophobic fatty acid-based NADES. 34 Moreover, a recovery of ∼42% has been reported for curcuminoids from a choline chloride-based DES turmeric extract employing an anti-solvent precipitation technique (Patil et al , 2021). 100 A 75% recovery of sunflower oil and algae oil has been achieved by Lo et al 101 by shifting the hydrophobicity spectrum of a semi-hydrophobic solvent consisting of the hydrophilic imidazole and the hydrophobic hexanoic acid.…”

“…Typically, the mixing is carried out at elevated temperatures (up to 80 °C) (e.g., (ref. 31,[33][34][35]). If a DES system is too viscous, its viscosity can be easily adjusted by adding water 19 (up to about 40-50%, w/w).…”

Optimization of the Pentachlorophenol Adsorption by Organo-Clays Based on Response Surface Methodology

“…RSM was effectively used in the pharmaceutical industry [ 25 ] for the optimization and modeling of operating parameters of a wide variety of microbial products [ 26 ]. In addition, it was applied for the modeling and optimization of operating parameters for water desalination [ 27 ] as well as other applications in food processes, such as extraction, drying, blanching, enzymatic, hydrolysis and clarification, production of microbial metabolites, and formulation [ 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”