Extraction of magnesium from four Finnish magnesium silicate rocks for CO2 mineralisation—part 2: Aqueous solution extraction

Erlund, Rickard; Koivisto, Evelina; Fagerholm, Mats; Zevenhoven, Ron

doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.07.004

Cited by 32 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Obviously these require the processing of large amounts of material if Mg (hydro‐)carbonates are aimed at, but if also the Ca‐ and Fe‐ content can be exploited then these materials, readily available at negligible cost, have potential. Both dry (using the thermal, first process step of the ÅA routes) and wet (using aqueous solutions with a range of different solvents) were used to extract Mg (and Ca) from the rocks …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using a range of aqueous leaching solutions at temperatures up to 90 °C showed that mixed ABS/AS solutions were able to extract ∼80 % Mg after 3–5 h using 1.4 m ABS in water, dropping to ∼60 % extraction in 25 %/75 % ABS/AS adding up to 1.4 m and further dropping to <5 % extraction with 1.4 m AS in water. Again very little was extracted from the diopside and amphibole samples …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serpentinite Carbonation Process Routes using Ammonium Sulfate and Integration in Industry

et al. 2017

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Vast resources of serpenitinite rock available worldwide are capable of binding CO2 amounts that diminish the capacity of methods based on geological storage of CO2. R&D has been ongoing in Finland for many years on developing large‐scale application of process routes for serpentinite carbonation. Several routes have been assessed in the laboratory, in all cases using ammonium salts to extract magnesium from rock followed by carbonation either in a gas/solid reactor at elevated temperatures and pressures or in an aqueous solution at ambient conditions. The choice for either route is motivated by the CO2‐producing source, (waste) heat availability, the magnesium (hydro‐)carbonate product aimed at, and a preference for energy efficiency or simplicity. Rocks from several locations have been analysed. A special issue is the recovery of the ammonium flux salt, typically from an aqueous solution. As for application, several industry sectors are considered, such as a (natural gas fired) power plant, a lime kiln, or iron‐ and steelmaking, applying mineral carbonation (MC) to blast furnace top gas. The analysis includes life cycle assessment (LCA). Finally, the use of magnesium (hydro‐)carbonates for heat storage is addressed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serpentinite Carbonation Process Routes using Ammonium Sulfate and Integration in Industry

et al. 2017

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“…As mentioned earlier, nesquehonite (NQ) is a product of a CCSM process and precipitated in a solution containing MgSO 4 into which ammonia and CO 2 are absorbed [8][9][10][11]. At temperatures above 50 • C hydromagnesite (HM) and ammonium sulphate are formed according to reaction (R3) and below 50 • C NQ and ammonium sulphate are formed [8,20,21].…”

Section: Production Of Nesquehonitementioning

confidence: 99%

Hydration of Magnesium Carbonate in a Thermal Energy Storage Process and Its Heating Application Design

Erlund

Zevenhoven

2018

Energies

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First ideas of applications design using magnesium (hydro) carbonates mixed with silica gel for day/night and seasonal thermal energy storage are presented. The application implies using solar (or another) heat source for heating up the thermal energy storage (dehydration) unit during daytime or summertime, of which energy can be discharged (hydration) during night-time or winter. The applications can be used in small houses or bigger buildings. Experimental data are presented, determining and analysing kinetics and operating temperatures for the applications. In this paper the focus is on the hydration part of the process, which is the more challenging part, considering conversion and kinetics. Various operating temperatures for both the reactor and the water (storage) tank are tested and the favourable temperatures are presented and discussed. Applications both using ground heat for water vapour generation and using water vapour from indoor air are presented. The thermal energy storage system with mixed nesquehonite (NQ) and silica gel (SG) can use both low (25-50%) and high (75%) relative humidity (RH) air for hydration. The hydration at 40% RH gives a thermal storage capacity of 0.32 MJ/kg while 75% RH gives a capacity of 0.68 MJ/kg.

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“…Ammonium bisulfate (ABS) has also been used as input chemical and one option is a pH-swing process sometimes referred to as the UK route [9,10]. As a combination of the two routes, an option could be to use both AS and ABS for aqueous leaching of magnesium from the rock [11] or replace AS with ABS in the ÅA route [12]. However, proper recovery and recirculation of the chemicals involved need to be optimized independent of the chemical being used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Use of Flux Salt Recovery Using Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for a CO2 Mineralisation Process

Koivisto

Zevenhoven

2019

Entropy

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Mineral carbonation routes have been extensively studied for almost two decades at Åbo Akademi University, focusing on the extraction of magnesium from magnesium silicates using ammonium sulfate (AS) and/or ammonium bisulfate (ABS) flux salt followed by carbonation. There is, however, a need for proper recovery and recirculation of chemicals involved. This study focused on the separation of AS, ABS and aqueous ammonia using different setups of bipolar membrane electrodialysis using both synthetic and rock-derived solutions. Bipolar membranes offer the possibility to split water, which in turn makes it possible to regenerate chemicals like acids and bases needed in mineral carbonation without excess gas formation. Tests were run in batch, continuous, and recirculating mode, and exergy (electricity) input during the tests was calculated. The results show that separation of ions was achieved, even if the solutions obtained were still too weak for use in the downstream process to control pH. Energy demand for separating 1 kg of NH4+ varied in the range 1.7, 3.4, 302 and 340 MJ/kg NH4+, depending on setup chosen. More work must hence be done in order to make the separation more efficient, such as narrowing the cell width.

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Extraction of magnesium from four Finnish magnesium silicate rocks for CO2 mineralisation—part 2: Aqueous solution extraction

Cited by 32 publications

References 15 publications

Serpentinite Carbonation Process Routes using Ammonium Sulfate and Integration in Industry

Serpentinite Carbonation Process Routes using Ammonium Sulfate and Integration in Industry

Hydration of Magnesium Carbonate in a Thermal Energy Storage Process and Its Heating Application Design

Energy Use of Flux Salt Recovery Using Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for a CO2 Mineralisation Process

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