Extraction of phenolic compounds from water samples by dispersive micro‐solid‐phase extraction

Abstract

In this article, the use of magnetically separable sorbent polyaniline/silica-coated nickel nanoparticles is evaluated under a dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction approach for the extraction of phenolic compounds from water samples. The sorbent was prepared by in situ chemical polymerization of aniline on the surface of silica-modified nickel nanoparticles and was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and vibrating sample magnetometry. Effective variables such as amount of sorbent (milligrams), pH and ionic strength of sample solution, volume of eluent solvent (microliters), vortex, and ultrasonic times (minutes) were investigated by fractional factorial design. The significant variables optimized by a Box-Behnken design were combined by a desirability function. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration graphs of analytes were linear in a concentration range of 0.02-100 μg/mL, and with correlation coefficients more than 0.999. The limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges of 10-23 and 33-77 μg/L, respectively. This procedure was successfully employed in the determination of target analytes in spiked water samples; the relative mean recoveries ranged from 96 to 105%.

Determination of chlorophenols in water using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with water‐in‐oil microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography in normal stacking mode

“…Chlorophenols (CPs) are released in the aquatic environment during production of plastics, dyes, drugs, pesticides, antioxidants, paper, and petrochemicals , resulting in the presence of CPs in waters , soils , and sediments . Because of their toxicity and persistence in the environment , 2‐CP, 2,4‐dichlorophenol, 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (2,4,6‐TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) have been included in the list of priority pollutants of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ; European Union (EU) has set a maximum allowed total phenol concentration of 0.5 μg/L in tap water and a permissible limit of 0.1 μg/L for individual phenol .…”

Monitoring of priority pollutants chlorophenols in water and milk by headspace solid‐phase microextraction based on electrospun polycaprolactam nanofibers decorated with cadmium oxide‐carbon nanotubes

“…The representative GC‐μECD chromatograms for analysis of river, tap water, and milk samples were shown in Figure 3. A literature survey was carried out to compare the analytical performance of the developed method with other similar techniques, and the results were given in Supporting Information Table S1 [6,11,12,24–29]. As can be seen, the LOD and recoveries of this method are comparable with some methods and better than those of the others.…”

“…However, the increase of temperature speeds up the mass transfer from sample solution to headspace but accelerates the desorption of analytes from the sorbent [17]. Thus, to achieve the most favorable conditions, the effect of different temperatures (25,30,40,50, and 60 • C) was studied.…”

Innovative method for the enrichment of high‐polarity bioactive molecules present at low concentrations in complex matrices

“…, which have high selectivity but also have several drawbacks such as difficult preparation, high cost, and intolerance to acids or bases. Microextraction methods include SPME , polymer‐coated hollow‐fiber membrane microextraction and so on . However, these methods have several disadvantages such as low adsorption rate and low enrichment factor for macromolecular compounds due to limitations of the adsorbents.…”