Extraction of Polyphenols and Vitamins Using Biodegradable ATPS Based on Ethyl Lactate

Abstract

The growing human population, together with the inefficient use of natural resources, has been dramatically increasing the production of food waste, which poses serious economic, environmental, and social problems. Being so, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of food consumption so as to reduce its waste and to convert the remaining residues into societal benefits. Since this biowaste is rich in polyphenols and vitamins, it could become the feedstock for the production of important value-added compounds for the pharmaceutical (e.g., food supplements) and cosmetic (e.g., creams and shampoos) industries. In this work, partition studies of one polyphenol (epicatechin) and two B-complex vitamins (cyanocobalamin and nicotinic acid) were performed in biodegradable Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (ATPS) based on ethyl lactate and on organic salts (disodium tartrate, tripotassium citrate, and trisodium citrate) at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa. The largest partition coefficient (K) and extraction efficiency (E) were obtained for vitamin B12 (K=78.56, E=97.5%) for the longest tie line TLL=77.66% in the ATPS {ethyl lactate (1) + tripotassium citrate (2) + water (3)}. All the extractions were obtained with low biomolecule mass losses in quantification (<5%) and after a thorough study of pH influence in the UV–Vis absorbance spectra.

Removal of Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) from Water Using Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (ATPSs) Composed of Choline-Amino Acid Ionic Liquids

“…For each p K a value, a proton (H + ) can be donated to its surroundings, thus leading to different charged stages of the solute. The ratio between two successive stages of the solute can be determined for a given value of the phase’s pH, using eq − false[ S q 0 − ( i − 1 ) false] false[ S q 0 − i false] = 10 normalp normalH φ − normalp K a i where S stands for the solute, q 0 is the initial electrical charge at pH = 0, pH φ denotes the pH of phase φ, and p K a i is the p K a relative to the stage i . The index i ranges from 0 to the maximum number of protons the species can donate, i.e., the number of dissociation constants.…”

Liquid–Liquid Extraction of Some Biomolecules in the ATPS {Ethyl Lactate (1) + Sodium Potassium Tartrate (2) + Water (3)} at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa

“…The obtained relations for the performance indicators with the TLLs were compared with the ones of previous works , of the research group which followed the same methodology in the extraction of cyanocobalamin (Figure ), epicatechin (Figure ), and folic acid (Figure ), using ethyl lactate-and organic salt-based ATPS.…”

“…For epicatechin (q ≈ −0.02 e), shown in Figure 8, tripotassium citrate yielded larger partition coefficients and extraction efficiencies than trisodium citrate, apparently 41 or disodium tartrate 54 or tripotassium citrate 54 (2) + water (3)} at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa. contradicting the order of the Hofmeister series.…”

“…Figure 7. Natural logarithms of the experimental partition coefficients (K) and extraction efficiencies (E) with the TLLs for cyanocobalamin in the ATPS {ethyl lactate (1) + sodium potassium tartrate (this work) or trisodium citrate41 or disodium tartrate54 or tripotassium citrate54 (2) + water (3)} at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa.…”

Optimal Design of Aqueous Two-Phase Systems for Biomolecule Partitioning

“…Besides these, ATPS are also cost-effective and scalable platforms for both conventional and emerging biotechnological applications . By far, different phase-forming agents (e.g., polymer, salt, alcohol, ionic liquid, and deep eutectic solvent) have been used for the creation of ATPS, − and many of them have demonstrated excellent performance in different biotechnological applications including downstream processing, synthetic biology, biomaterial sciences, etc. , For example, Velho et al , studied the partition of different antioxidants in biodegradable ATPS, and the largest partition coefficients and extraction efficiencies could reach 55.44 and 98.5% for vitamin B12, respectively. Another recent example is Mendonça et al, who applied tunable copolymers in ATPS for continuous fructooligosaccharide (FOS) production, and FOS was purified with high yields (72.94–100.0%).…”