Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Phospho-Gypsum: Concentrate Digestion, Leaching, and Purification

Brückner, Lisa; Elwert, Tobias; Schirmer, Thomas

doi:10.3390/met10010131

Cited by 36 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Monazite ((RE)PO 4 ), bastnaesite ((RE)FCO 3 ), ion adsorption clays (e.g., illite (K,H)Al 2 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (OH) 2 •nH 2 O), montmorillonite ((Ca,Na,H)(Al,Mg,Fe,Zn) 2 (Si, Al) 4 O 10 (OH) 2 •nH 2 O), kaolinite (Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ), etc. ), loparite ((RE)(Ti,Nb,Ta,Fe)O 3 ), and xenotime (YPO 4 ) are the most economically significant source of REEs [3][4][5]. However, the exploration and processing of secondary sources of REEs has attracted great interest because of the increasing demand for REEs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching Kinetics of Rare Earth Elements in Phosphoric Acid from Phosphate Rock

Xie

Deng

et al. 2021

Metals

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Phosphate rock has been considered as one of the most significant secondary rare-earth resource, and the utilization of rare earth elements (REEs) in phosphate rock has attracted increasing attention. In this study, the leaching kinetics of REEs from a phosphate ore from China was studied with the variation of temperature and phosphoric acid concentration under the conditions: ratio of liquid to solid of 12 mL/g, stirring speed of 120 r/min, and phosphate particle size of −0.074 mm amounts 61.1%. The results suggest that there were two distinct stages in leaching process and kinetics of both stages followed shrinking core model. At fast reaction stage, the semi-empirical equation describing the kinetics was 1 − 3(1 − α)2/3 + 2(1 − α) = 1.885CH3PO40.89exp(−11220/8.31T)t. The semi-empirical equation for slow reaction stage was 1 − 3(1 − α)2/3 + 2(1 − α) = 0.299CH3PO42.50exp(−18720/8.31T)t. Using shrinking core model and time-to-a-given-fraction method, we found that leaching rate of fast reaction stage was controlled by solid product layer diffusion, and both solid product layer diffusion and chemical reaction determined slow reaction stage.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching Kinetics of Rare Earth Elements in Phosphoric Acid from Phosphate Rock

Xie

Deng

et al. 2021

Metals

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“…Mineralogical analyses by AIST stated that the grinding size for REE beneficiation would be around 80%, passing in a particle size of 50-100 m (Yang et al, 2015). Another reference stated that the liberation of REE-bearing minerals was at P90 = 120.47 m (Brückner et al, 2020). Referring to the fine size of zircon tailing (P80 = 120.11 m, P50 = 109.8 m, P10 = 51.03 m) as well as the sieving results shown in Table 1, milling was not conducted in this experiment in order to minimize the energy consumption of the process.…”

Section: Mineral Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, it was selected due to the highest presence of yttrium and gadolinium at 8.8% and 0.756%, respectively (as shown in Figure 2). The fine sample size also provided convenience in subsequent processes (alkali fusion and leaching using sulfuric acid), providing an appropriate surface area for the optimum reaction to occur (Brückner et al, 2020;Handoko and Sanjaya, 2018).…”

Section: Mineral Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfuric Acid Leaching of Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREEs) from Indonesian Zircon Tailing

Trisnawati¹,

Prameswara²,

Mulyono³

et al. 2020

IJTech

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Solid pollution has been an issue in mineral processing for decade. One of these pollutants is zircon sand mining waste (zircon tailing). Due to the concentration of rare earth minerals in zircon tailing and the increasing demand of REE in advanced technologies, studying zircon tailing as a potential source of REE had become an interest for us. Our experiments consisted of mineral characterization and an alkaline fusion process, followed by a leaching process. The characterization process was carried out to obtain actual information from zircon tailing samples. This process showed total rare earth elements (REEs) content of 58.62%, at 9%, 1%, 1.2%, 1.7%, and 1.5% for Y, Gd, Er, Dy, and Yb, respectively. A sieving process was carried out since it was known that most heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) content occurs at a larger size. The alkaline fusion process was applied with an intent to break the phosphate bonds present in the REE-carrying minerals (xenotime and monazite) and convert phosphate bonds to hydroxide bonds in rare earth metals. During the alkaline fusion process, as much as 75%, 66.45%, and 60% of the phosphate, silica, and zirconium, respectively, were reduced. The leaching process was carried out in a flatbottom three-neck flask. The optimum point of leaching experiments occurs at 0.5 M H2SO4, 60°C, and a solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio of 10 g/100 mL. In these conditions, as much as 89%, 99%, 94%, 92%, and 90% of Y, Gd, Er, Dy, and Yb, respectively, were recovered as an HREEs2-(SO4)3 product solution.

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“…Despite the low concentration of REEs in PG when compared to primary REE bearing minerals such as monazite [18], the large volumes of PG, currently estimated to be 200-300 million tons per annum, makes it a potential source of REEs [19]. Furthermore, the extraction and recovery of REEs from PG has several advantages over conventional mining such as avoiding the costs of mining and its related infrastructure that are almost absent [18]. The low concentration of REEs in the PG and their occurrence as complex mineral phases could cause the extraction of REEs from PG to be highly challenging in both technology and economy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Amongst the aforementioned waste streams, PG has been identified as a promising source of REEs (Table 1) [15][16][17]. Despite the low concentration of REEs in PG when compared to primary REE bearing minerals such as monazite [18], the large volumes of PG, currently estimated to be 200-300 million tons per annum, makes it a potential source of REEs [19]. Furthermore, the extraction and recovery of REEs from PG has several advantages over conventional mining such as avoiding the costs of mining and its related infrastructure that are almost absent [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earths’ Recovery from Phosphogypsum: An Overview on Direct and Indirect Leaching Techniques

et al. 2021

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The need for rare earths elements (REEs) in high tech electrical and electronic based materials are vital. In the global economy, deposits of natural REEs are limited except for countries such as China, which has prompted current attempts to seek alternative resources of REEs. This increased the dependence on major secondary rare earth-bearing sources such as scrap alloy, battery waste, spent catalysts, fly ash, spent magnets, waste light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and phosphogypsum (PG) for a substantial recovery of REEs for use. Recycling of REEs from these alternative waste sources through hydrometallurgical processes is becoming a sustainable and viable approach due to the low energy consumption, low waste generation, few emissions, environmentally friendliness, and economically feasibility. Industrial wastes such as the PG generated from the production of phosphoric acid is a potential secondary resource of REEs that contains a total REE concentration of over 2000 mg/kg depending upon the phosphate ore from which it is generated. Due to trace concentration of REEs in the PG (normally < 0.1% wt.) and their tiny and complex occurrence as mineral phases the recovery process of REE from PG would be highly challenging in both technology and economy. Various physicochemical pre-treatments approaches have been used up to date to up-concentrate REEs from PG prior to their extraction. Methods such as carbonation, roasting, microwave heating, grinding or recrystallization have been widely used for this purpose. This present paper reviews recent literature on various techniques that are currently employed to up-concentrate REs from PG to provide preliminary insight into further critical raw materials recovery. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the different strategies are discussed as avenues for realization of REE recovery from PG at a larger scale. In all the different approaches, recrystallization of PG appears to show promising advantages due to both high REE recovery as well as the pure PG phase that can be obtained.

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Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Phospho-Gypsum: Concentrate Digestion, Leaching, and Purification

Cited by 36 publications

References 20 publications

Leaching Kinetics of Rare Earth Elements in Phosphoric Acid from Phosphate Rock

Leaching Kinetics of Rare Earth Elements in Phosphoric Acid from Phosphate Rock

Sulfuric Acid Leaching of Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREEs) from Indonesian Zircon Tailing

Rare Earths’ Recovery from Phosphogypsum: An Overview on Direct and Indirect Leaching Techniques

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