Extraction of the Rare Element Vanadium from Vanadium-Containing Materials by Chlorination Method: A Critical Review

Abstract

Vanadium as a rare element has a wide range of applications in iron and steel production, vanadium flow batteries, catalysts, etc. In 2018, the world’s total vanadium output calculated in the form of metal vanadium was 91,844 t. The raw materials for the production of vanadium products mainly include vanadium-titanium magnetite, vanadium slag, stone coal, petroleum coke, fly ash, and spent catalysts, etc. Chlorinated metallurgy has a wide range of applications in the treatment of ore, slag, solid wastes, etc. Chlorinating agent plays an important role in chlorination metallurgy, which is divided into solid (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, AlCl3, FeCl2, FeCl3, MgCl2, NH4Cl, NaClO, and NaClO3) and gas (Cl2, HCl, and CCl4). The chlorination of vanadium oxides (V2O3 and V2O5) by different chlorinating agents was investigated from the thermodynamics. Meanwhile, this paper summarizes the research progress of chlorination in the treatment of vanadium-containing materials. This paper has important reference significance for further adopting the chlorination method to treat vanadium-containing raw materials.

Recovery of vanadium and nickel from heavy oil fly ash (HOFA): a critical review

“…The oxidative precipitation process is performed by adding sodium chlorate “NaClO 3 ” as an oxidative agent of V (IV) to V (V) . 39 This oxidation of V is accompanied with the evolution of H and consequently leads to a decrease in pH. Na 2 CO 3 is added to keep the ideal pH for V 2 O 5 precipitation.…”

Vanadium and Nickel Recovery from the Products of Heavy Petroleum Feedstock Processing: A Review

“…The straightforward approach is a "hydrometallurgical" recovery of vanadium and nickel directly from HOFA by acids [85][86][87][88][89], bases [90][91][92][93] or water [94] leaching. Vanadium is oxidized to vanadate forms (by O 2 [85], H 2 O 2 [90,95], HClO [8,96], etc. [86,87]) and precipitated with non-alkali cations or an ion exchange [97].…”

“…In particular, Magomedov et al [6] reviewed the methods of petroleum demetallization. Kurniawan et al [7] considered the chemistry, origins and removal of metalloporphyrins; Yuan et al [8] considered vanadium extraction techniques from all possible sources. Yet, none of them actually cover the metals recovery from HPF demetallization residues in reasonable detail.…”

Analysis of Hydrometallurgical Methods for Obtaining Vanadium Concentrates from the Waste by Chemical Production of Vanadium Pentoxide

“…Vanadium in converter slags is presented mainly in spinel (FeO·V 2 O 3 ) practically insoluble in acid solutions. Therefore, in order to convert vanadium into soluble forms, preliminary slag oxidation roasting is carried out [ 7 , 12 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”

“…During the alkaline roasting, the formation of toxic salts of hexavalent chromium CrO 4 2− [ 7 , 12 , 32 ] is possible. With this technology due to the complexity of disposal, exhausted sodium-containing solutions are thrown into the water basin polluting the environment.…”