Extraction of trace acetylspiramycin in real aqueous environments using aqueous two-phase system of ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and phosphate

Abstract

The partitioning of acetylspiramycin was carried out in an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) formed by a hydrophilic ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoraborate, [Bmim]BF4) and NaH2PO4. This ATPS is a simple, non-toxic and effective sample pretreatment technique, which was developed for the simultaneous separation, enrichment and rapid analysis of acetylspiramycin coupled with molecular fluorescence spectrophotometry. Analysis of the liquid-liquid equilibrium of [Bmim]BF4-salt ATPS demonstrated that the salting-out ability of different salts may be related to the Gibbs energy of hydration of the ions. The effects of types of salts, concentration of NaH2PO4, and temperature were analysed. Under optimum conditions, the average extraction efficiency and partition coefficient were 90.14% and 91.1, respectively. Thermodynamic functions provide some information about the molecular mechanism involved in acetylspiramycin transfer to the top phase, suggesting an important acetylspiramycin-[Bmim]BF4 interaction. The method yielded a linear range in the concentration from 1.0 to 10.0 µg mL−1 of acetylspiramycin, and the limit of detection was 0.02 µg mL−1. This method could be successfully applied for the analysis of acetylspiramycin in lake water, river water and groundwater. The proposed extraction technique appears to be suitable as a first step for the separation of macrolide antibiotics from real aqueous environments.

Aqueous biphasic systems composed of ionic liquids and sodium carbonate as enhanced routes for the extraction of tetracycline

“…Enhanced values were also previously reported for the extraction of other antibiotics, for instance penicillin G (maximum extraction yield of 93%) with ABS composed of NaH 2 PO 4 ·2H 2 O and [C 4 mim]Cl; chloramphenicol (extraction efficiency of 90.1% under the optimal conditions) with an ABS constituted by Na 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 and [C 4 mim][BF 4 ]; and acetylspiramycin (extraction efficiency of 90.14% with the optimized conditions) with an ABS formed by [C 4 mim][BF 4 ] and NaH 2 PO 4 . However, these extractions required higher amounts of inorganic salt and most of the systems used a nonstable fluorinated ionic liquid .…”

Advances Brought by Hydrophilic Ionic Liquids in Fields Involving Pharmaceuticals

“…So far, examples of IL-salt-based ABS as pretreatment techniques of human fluids and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents were given [ 126 , 127 , 129 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 ]. It should be however highlighted that these types of ABS can also be applied to analyze pharmaceuticals present in other types of samples, including aqueous extracts of traditional Chinese herbs [ 136 ], river/lake/pond/ground/feed waters [ 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 ], food (e.g., honey and milk) [ 139 ] and pharmaceutical dosage forms [ 141 ] ( Table 3 ). A predilection towards phosphate salts (e.g., K 3 PO 4 , K 2 HPO 4 ) is clear in most works [ 129 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 136 , 137 , 138 ], likely due to their strong salting-out aptitude, which enables efficient extractions and selecting long TLs.…”

“…It should be however highlighted that these types of ABS can also be applied to analyze pharmaceuticals present in other types of samples, including aqueous extracts of traditional Chinese herbs [ 136 ], river/lake/pond/ground/feed waters [ 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 ], food (e.g., honey and milk) [ 139 ] and pharmaceutical dosage forms [ 141 ] ( Table 3 ). A predilection towards phosphate salts (e.g., K 3 PO 4 , K 2 HPO 4 ) is clear in most works [ 129 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 136 , 137 , 138 ], likely due to their strong salting-out aptitude, which enables efficient extractions and selecting long TLs. Still, it should be underlined that other salt options including carbonate- [ 137 , 141 ], citrate- [ 127 , 135 , 139 ], tartrate- [ 126 ] and malate-based [ 140 ] salts have been reported with success.…”

The role of ionic liquid [C4C1im]Br as an adjuvant on the two‐phase formation and the extraction of l‐phenylalanine in ABS composed of PEG400 and potassium citrate at different temperatures

“…ILs as phase-forming components in such ABS, thus, provide the possibility of fine-tuning the extractive phase polarity and affinity through the judicious selection of the cation and anion structures, to optimize yield of product separation. Because of their advantages, the application of ABS composed of ILs have been extensively investigated, in the last decade, for the extraction of a wide variety of biomolecules including amino acids, [23][24][25][26][27][28] proteins, [29][30][31][32][33][34] enzymes, [35][36][37][38][39][40] alkaloids, 26,41,42 pharmaceuticals, [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] and steroid hormones. 54 Nevertheless, to form ABS with highly watermiscible ILs, large concentrations of salts are necessary, making the extraction process more expensive and less sustainable.…”