Extraction of vanadium(V) from seawater by tunicates: A revision of concepts1

McLeod, G. C.; Ladd, Kaye V.; Kustin, Kenneth; Toppen, David L.

doi:10.4319/lo.1975.20.3.0491

Cited by 34 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…We confirmed that vanadocytes contain vanadium predominantly in the q3 oxidation state with a small amount in the q4 oxidation state at a ratio of 97.6:2.4 (64). By contrast, vanadium was reported to be present in seawater in the q5 oxidation state (H 2 VO 4 -) (65). Therefore, reducing agents must play an important role in the accumulation of vanadium, because during the accumulation process V V is reduced to V III via V IV ØV V can be reduced to V IV without difficulty owing to its redox potential (VO 2 q /VO 2q : 1.00 V in a strongly acidic solution) (66).…”

Section: Redox Mechanism Of Vanadiumsupporting

confidence: 85%

Advances in research on the accumulation, redox behavior, and function of vanadium in ascidians

Michibata

Ueki

2010

BioMolecular Concepts

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The discovery of high levels of vanadium-containing compounds in ascidian blood cells goes back to 1911. Ascidians, which are also known as tunicates or sea squirts, belong to a subphylum of the Chordata, between the vertebrates and invertebrates. This discovery attracted the attention of an interdisciplinary group of chemists, physiologists, and biochemists, in part because of interest in the possible role of vanadium in oxygen transport as a prosthetic group in respiratory pigments, which was later shown not to be such a role, and in part because of the fact that high levels of vanadium were unknown in other organisms. The intracellular concentration of vanadium in some ascidian species can be as high as 350 mm, which is 107 times that in seawater. Vanadium ions, which are thought to be present in the +5 oxidation state in seawater, are reduced to the +3 oxidation state via the +4 oxidation state and are stored in the vacuoles of vanadium-containing cells called vanadocytes, where high levels of protons and sulfate ions are also found. Recently, many proteins and genes that might be involved in the accumulation and reduction of vanadium have been isolated. In this review, we not only trace the history of vanadium research but also describe recent advances in our understanding of the field from several viewpoints: (i) vanadium-accumulating blood cells, (ii) the energetics of vanadium accumulation, (iii) the redox mechanism of vanadium, (iv) the possible role of sulfate, and (v) the physiological roles of vanadium.

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Section: Redox Mechanism Of Vanadiumsupporting

confidence: 85%

Advances in research on the accumulation, redox behavior, and function of vanadium in ascidians

Michibata

Ueki

2010

BioMolecular Concepts

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“…When the blood cells containing the vanadium complex are lysed, the vanadium is rapidly oxidized from the +3 oxidation state. In aerated seawater, vanadium is rapidly oxidized to the + 5 oxidation state (McLeod et a!. 1975).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Defenses of Ascidians Against Predators

Stoecker¹

1980

Ecology

142

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“…Indeed, after the death of the microorganisms, vanadium becomes one of the Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 elements constituting the sediments that could locally interact with the alloy corrosion products to participate in the formation of the patina. It is worth noting that a similar mechanism has been proposed to explain the high level of vanadium in sedimentary rocks of marine origin [32].…”

Section: Copper-based Alloysmentioning

confidence: 97%