Extraction of α-glucosidase inhibitory compounds fromPhaleria macrocarpafruit flesh using solvent, sonication, and subcritical carbon dioxide soxhlet methods

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity of Phaleria macrocarpa extracts using subcritical carbon dioxide (subCO2) soxhlet extraction method with sonication and solvent extraction methods. The extraction was performed by subCO2 soxlet using carbon dioxide and the conventional organic solvent‐based sonication using ethanol and water, solvent extraction using methanol, and n‐hexane solvents. The yields and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity of the P. macrocarpa extracts were analyzed. The yields using sonication, solvent extraction, and subCO2 soxhlet extraction were approximately 10.2 ± 1.0 to 25.4 ± 0.6% and 0.9 ± 0.1 to 2.0 ± 1.0%. The IC50 value of subCO2 soxhlet, sonication, and solvent extraction methods were 4.35, 7.34, and 1.9 µg/mL, respectively. The α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity of P. macrocarpa extract using subCO2 soxhlet method was higher than the conventional sonication method and lower than the solvent extraction method. Overall, subCO2 soxhlet extraction of P. macrocarpa represents a promising method to produce organic solvent free and highly α‐glucosidase inhibitory compounds containing extracts. Practical applications This study compared the conventional and nonconventional extraction methods for separating bioactive compounds from P. macrocarpa. Plant extracts contain a large variety of bioactive compounds with many other constituents including pharmaceuticals that require separations, purifications, and fractionations for further processing. Pharmaceutical industries are always looking for green processing methods obtaining green products. Nonconventional methods are of great interest owing to their efficiency such as fast, organic‐residues‐free, low temperature processing, and cost‐effective compare to any conventional method. Moreover, nonconventional methods are technologically advanced and claimed to be green with innumerable applications. Bioactive compounds of P. macrocarpa extracted by nonconventional methods may retain the natural quality that is of organic residues free and can be further exploited for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, functional foods, and neutraceuticals industries. The environmental issues and health concerns of society are also demanding the green technology in our daily life.

Identification of Antidiabetic Metabolites from Paederia foetida L. Twigs by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics and Molecular Docking Study

“…Thus metabolites that were playing roles as phytochemical markers may be suggested. The model diagnostic of the PLS model developed can be evaluated using several parameters such as goodness of fit, a test of permutation, and the capability of the model to predict the value using actual to predicted plot [18]. The cumulative values of R2Y explain the goodness of fit is indicating the percentage of variation of the response explained by the model, and the cumulative value of Q 2 Y is representing the percentage of the variation of the response predicted by the model according to cross-validation [13].…”

“…α -Glucosidase inhibition assay was performed according to Collins et al [18], Deautschländer et al [19], and Sajak et al [20] with slight modification. The reaction mixtures consisting 10 μ L of the test sample (0.078-5 mg/mL), 130 μ L of 30 mM of phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.5), and 10 μ L of α -glucosidase working solution were incubated at 37°C for 30 min.…”

Extraction and Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds from Date (Phoenix dactylifera) Seed Using Supercritical and Subcritical CO2 Techniques

“…However, these are energy intensive techniques, and they depend largely on concentrated toxic organic solvents, which may pose environmental concerns. Different innovative extraction techniques including ultrasound, supercritical fluid (SFE), microwave, and subcritical CO 2 -assisted (SubCO 2 ) methods are being developed for the recovery of biologically valuable components from various plant matrices [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. The supercritical state was first known back in 1822 and later on it was observed that supercritical fluids have promising solvating ability which may be dependent on the pressure.…”

“…The gas is circulated on its own in the system without the need for a pump, as required in case of the supercritical CO 2 system. Moreover, the SubCO 2 system works at low temperature (<31 °C), low pressure (<7.1 MPa), and requires lesser mechanical parts (unlike supercritical CO 2 ) and, furthermore, residual solvent removal is not required [ 11 ]. The objectives of the current research work include isolation and recovery of bioactive compounds (phenolic, flavonoids, anthocyanins and carotenoids) from seeds of four different date varieties using conventional (Soxhlet) organic solvent-based and environment friendly SFE and SubCO 2 (both using CO 2 as extraction solvent) techniques.…”

Hydrophobically Grafted Pullulan Nanocarriers for Percutaneous Delivery: Preparation and Preliminary In Vitro Characterisation

“…The epoxide ring opening, which is catalysed by a base, transforms it to a hydrophobic alkylglycerol, which may then be grafted onto polysaccharide-free hydroxyl groups to produce hydrophobically grafted polysaccharides [ 32 ]. α-arbutin, a hydrophilic antioxidant and topical tyrosinase inhibitor, was used as a model drug following studies reporting its poor skin permeability due to the high hydrophilicity of the compound despite being considered as one of the most efficient whitening agents [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Different studies have lately sought to study the efficient percutaneous administration of α-arbutin, both topically and transdermally, to enhance its skin permeability due to its wide variety of uses in various applications [ 36 , 37 ].…”