Extraction Processes Affect the Composition and Bioavailability of Flavones from Lamiaceae Plants: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Lamiaceae plants are a widespread family of herbaceous plants with around 245 plant genera and nearly 22,576 species distributed in the world. Some of the most representative and widely studied Lamiaceae plants belong to the Ocimum, Origanum, Salvia, and Thymus genera. These plants are a rich source of bioactive molecules such as terpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. In this sense, there is a subgroup of flavonoids classified as flavones. Flavones have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic potential; thus, efficient extraction techniques from their original plant matrixes have been developed. Currently, conventional extraction methods involving organic solvents are no longer recommended due to their environmental consequences, and new environmentally friendly techniques have been developed. Moreover, once extracted, the bioactivity of flavones is highly linked to their bioavailability, which is often neglected. This review aims to comprehensively gather recent information (2011–2021) regarding extraction techniques and their important relationship with the bioavailability of flavones from Lamiaceae plants including Salvia, Ocimum, Thymus, and Origanum.

Synthesis of green-engineered silver nanoparticles using Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) and its antibacterial activity against clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa

“…The absence of antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of C. citratus observed in this study is also in disagreement with several other studies that have also investigated the antibacterial effect of lemongrass [75][76][77][78]. This difference between the results of the present study and those observed in others could be explained by several factors, such as the geographical area of origin of the extracted plants [79], the extraction procedure [80][81][82], and the phenotype and genotypic differences of the strains tested [83]. De Sá Filho et al [79] recently reported that factors such as the physicochemical characteristics of soils, different dynamics of the action of climatic factors, and the consequent diversity of biological interactions in biomes greatly affect the chemical composition of plants.…”

The optimization growth of Dracocephalum forrestii in RITA® bioreactor, and preliminary screening of the biological activity of the polyphenol rich extract

“…Various hydrophilic solvents based on 35-90% methanol or ethanol are used for extracting phenolic acids and flavonoids, apigenin and luteolin derivatives, from the Lamiaceae. The optimal alcohol: water ratio is determined experimentally depending on the extraction conditions and chemical structure of the extracted compounds [Chaves et al 2020, Picos-Solas et al 2021]. Similar to our study, 80% methanolic solution was found to be appropriate for extracting flavonoid glucosides and rosmarinic acid from Salvia verbenaca or Rabdosia rubescens [Kostić et al 2015, Meng et al 2019].…”

The Different Phytochemical Profiles of Salvia officinalis Dietary Supplements Labelled for Menopause Symptoms

“…Approximately 100 mg of SALVITILAB ® , Fontana, Menosan ®, and ACEF samples and 200 mg of chopped fresh sage leaves were added to 0.5 mL of 96.6% ethanol [ 33 ]. The mixtures were vortexed for 2 min, allowed to stand at 4 °C for 4 h, and vortexed again for another 2 min.…”