Extrajugular pathways of human cerebral venous blood drainage assessed by duplex ultrasound

Abstract

Valdueza. Extrajugular pathways of human cerebral venous blood drainage assessed by duplex ultrasound.

Incidence of Extrinsic Compression of the Internal Jugular Vein in Unselected Patients Undergoing CT Angiography

“…When humans are upright, the predominant venous drainage of the brain is via the vertebral venous plexus, rather than the internal jugular vein. [12][13][14][15] In contrast, the jugular veins are the dominant drainage for the supine patient. 12,15 One described major connecting pathway is the anterior condylar confluence, which has been shown to have connections between the jugular bulb and the anterior, lateral, and posterior condlylar veins, and may have a significant role in the postural redirection of flow.…”

Fuelling Cerebral Activity in Exercising Man

“…Consequently, B75% of subjects present with a larger right internal jugular vein (Cormio and Robertson, 2001;Dawson et al, 2004;Ide and Secher, 2000) of potential importance when ascertaining CBF and CMR O 2 . Furthermore, in the upright position, the internal jugular veins collapse (Dawson et al, 2004) so that venous outflow is shifted to alternative routes and most likely to the venous plexus surrounding the spinal cord (Schreiber et al, 2003), arguing that jugular venous sampling underestimates CBF and CMR O 2 .…”

Differences between Internal Jugular Vein and Vertebral Vein Flow Examined in Real Time with the Use of Multigate Ultrasound Color Doppler

“…7 On this basis, most authors think that chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency simply does not exist, 3,12 that findings previously reported in some patients can be a normal variant, and that other important drainage pathways such as the VVs and the vertebral plexus 6,7 must be assessed.…”

“…[4][5][6][7][8] With body position change, the outflow in IJVs appears to be mostly present in the supine position, whereas it is markedly reduced during standing position, with a tendency of IJVs to collapse [9][10][11] ; at the same time, a concomitant flow rise in the VVs was seen. According to the study by Shreiber et al 7 , the magnitude of flow increase in the VVs did not match the decrease measured in the IJVs; Authorship details: G.C., concept and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, critical writing and revising of the intellectual content, final approval of the version to be published; D.R., concept and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, critical writing and revising of the intellectual content, final approval of the version to be published; L.F., concept and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, critical writing and revising of the intellectual content, final approval of the version to be published; A.F., analysis and interpretation of data, critical writing and revising of the intellectual content, final approval of the version to be published; A.M.P., critical writing and revising of the intellectual content, final approval of the version to be published.…”