Extralimital Distribution of Galapagos (&lt;I&gt;Zalophus wollebaeki&lt;/I&gt;) and Northern (&lt;I&gt;Eumetopias jubatus&lt;/I&gt;) Sea Lions in Mexico

Ceballos, Gerardo; Pompa, Sandra; Espinoza, Eduardo; Garcı́a, Andrés

doi:10.1578/am.36.2.2010.188

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…4B). Climate change is likely to have wideranging, disruptive impacts on many species throughout the world's oceans, but these are only beginning to be understood (38,46). Nevertheless, the distribution of hotspots of at-risk species in relation to human impacts provides information that can be used to manage key areas for marine mammal protection.…”

Section: Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers and hotspots of extinction risk in marine mammals

Davidson

Boyer²,

Kim³

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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243

267

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The world's oceans are undergoing profound changes as a result of human activities. However, the consequences of escalating human impacts on marine mammal biodiversity remain poorly understood. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) identifies 25% of marine mammals as at risk of extinction, but the conservation status of nearly 40% of marine mammals remains unknown due to insufficient data. Predictive models of extinction risk are crucial to informing present and future conservation needs, yet such models have not been developed for marine mammals. In this paper, we: (i) used powerful machinelearning and spatial-modeling approaches to understand the intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of marine mammal extinction risk; (ii) used this information to predict risk across all marine mammals, including IUCN "Data Deficient" species; and (iii) conducted a spatially explicit assessment of these results to understand how risk is distributed across the world's oceans. Rate of offspring production was the most important predictor of risk. Additional predictors included taxonomic group, small geographic range area, and small social group size. Although the interaction of both intrinsic and extrinsic variables was important in predicting risk, overall, intrinsic traits were more important than extrinsic variables. In addition to the 32 species already on the IUCN Red List, our model identified 15 more species, suggesting that 37% of all marine mammals are at risk of extinction. Most at-risk species occur in coastal areas and in productive regions of the high seas. We identify 13 global hotspots of risk and show how they overlap with human impacts and Marine Protected Areas.International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List | threatened and endangered species | life history | random forest models O ceans occupy 71% of the earth's surface and harbor much of its biodiversity. Despite the vast expanse of the oceans, no area remains unaffected by humans (1). Human activities are polluting, warming, and acidifying the oceans, melting sea ice, overharvesting fisheries, and altering entire food webs (1-4). Fisheries bycatch causes deaths of more than 650,000 marine mammals each year (5). Overfishing has depleted food supplies by reducing fish populations by 50-90%, and industrial-scale krill harvesting will likely further deplete food resources (6-8). In addition, polar oceans are warming at rates twice as fast as the global average (3); this has already altered whale migrations, reduced benthic prey populations, and caused declines in seals and polar bears (Ursus maritimus) whose lifestyles are dependent on sea ice (9). The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List currently classifies 25% (32 of 128 species) of marine mammals as threatened with extinction. Examination of the threats on the basis of the Red List shows that nearly half of all species are threatened by two or more human impacts, with pollution being the most pervasive, followed by fishing, invasive species, develop...

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Section: Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers and hotspots of extinction risk in marine mammals

Davidson

Boyer²,

Kim³

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

243

267

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…II = Appendix II (includes species that are not necessarily threatened with extinction, but their commercialization must be controlled to avoid a utilization in a way that would be incompatible with their survival), NC = not cited in appendices CITES, * = not normally distributed in Mexico. confined to the North Pacific, ranging from northern California along the West coast of North America to the Gulf of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, as well as northern Japan (Loughlin, 2009); therefore, the sightings recorded in the present work are considered as the southernmost for the species, as in the Mexican South Pacific there is only 1 previous record in Colima by Ceballos et al (2010). The South American fur seal (A. australis) is distributed along the Pacific and Atlantic margins in South America, from Southeast Peru to Southeast Brazil, respectively (Vaz-Ferreira, 1982) and is added to the previous records of atypical distribution, as it is the northernmost for the species and is also the first for Mexico and Oaxaca (Villegas-Zurita, Elorriaga-Verplancken et al, 2016)).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…On the other hand, Medrano-González (2006) defines tropical species as those having a distribution primarily between the Capricorn and Cancer Tropics. In this sense, the atypical presence of otariids in this tropical zone of the Pacific is highlighted, since this group is considered very sensitive to ocean temperature changes and their effects on the availability of food (Ceballos et al, 2010;Oliveira, 2011), especially for species from different biogeographic affinities as E. jubatus and A. australis. The literature shows that the Steller Sea Lion (E. jubatus) exhibits a distribution Table 3 Risk categories of the marine mammals found in the coast of Oaxaca, Mexico following Mexican and international (IUCN and CITES) criteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alpha diversity of marine mammals of the Mexican South Pacific

et al. 2018

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Knowledge of the alpha diversity contributes to the determination of conservation priorities by identifying regions with high species richness and/or a large number of endemic, rare, or endangered species. The present study focused on the evaluation of species richness and composition of the marine mammal community off the coast of Oaxaca. A total of 293 surveys were carried out between December 2011 and April 2015. Additionaly, observation and stranding records found in the literature and zoological collections (corresponding to the period 2008-2014) were revised to estimate alpha diversity. The results allowed us to conclude that the current richness of marine mammals for the state, comprises 21 species distributed in 2 orders, 3 suborders, 5 families, and 17 genera. This represents a 75% increase in the known richness prior to this study. All species of marine mammals are found in some risk category according to the NOM-059-Semarnat-2010 (Mexico), IUCN, and CITES. Our results highlight the importance of the Oaxaca region in the Mexican South Pacific as a priority area for conservation, because of its high degree of richness, considerable diversity in species composition, and the concentration of vulnerable or endangered marine mammals.

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“…The female was found at the "La Encrucijada" Biosphere Reserve (15º 41' 15" N, -92º 01' 23" W), 25 km south of Acapetahua, Chiapas. This location is approximately 1,800 km northeast of the Galapagos Islands (Ceballos et al 2010). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%