Extraordinary Compatibility to Mass Loading and Rate Capability of Hierarchically Porous Carbon Nanorods Electrode Derived from the Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil

Abstract

The conversion of waste tire pyrolysis oil (WTPO) into S‐doped porous carbon nanorods (labeled as WPCNs) with hierarchical pore structure is realized by a simple template‐directed approach. The specific surface area of as‐obtained porous carbon nanorods can reach up to 1448 m2 g−1 without the addition of any activating agent. As the capacitive electrode, WPCNs possess the extraordinary compatibility to capacitance, different electrolyte systems as well as long‐term cycle life even at a commercial‐level areal mass loading (10 mg cm−2). Besides, only an extremely small capacitance fluctuation is observed under the extreme circumstance (−40 to 80 °C), reflecting the excellent high‐ and low‐temperature performance. The relationship between the pore structure and capacitive behavior is analyzed by comparing WPCNs with mesopores‐dominated asphalt‐derived porous carbon nanorods (APCNs) and micropores‐dominated activated carbon. The molecular dynamics simulation further reveals the ion diffusion and transfer ability of the as‐prepared carbon materials under different pore size distribution. The total ion flow (NT) of WPCNs calculated by the simulation is obviously larger than APCNs and the NT ratio between them is similar with the experimental average capacitance ratio. Furthermore, this work also provides a valuable strategy to prepare the electrode material with high capacitive energy storage ability through the high value‐added utilization of WTPO.

Multifunctional Template Prepares N-, O-, and S-Codoped Mesoporous 3D Hollow Nanocage Biochar with a Multilayer Wall Structure for Aqueous High-Performance Supercapacitors

“…As exhibited in Figure E, the two broad characteristic diffraction peaks of 24 and 43° can be indexed to the (002) and (100) planes of graphitic carbon, respectively, indicating the part-graphitized structures of BL-700 and BNCs. Obviously, BNC-700 exhibits the strongest characteristic peak, which is corresponding to the highest degree of graphitization, and the broad (002) peak accompanied with a low intensity of BNCs also demonstrates the thin carbon layer structure. , This fact was further confirmed by Raman spectra. As displayed in Figure F, three representative peaks at 1360, 1580, and 2900 cm –1 are assigned to the D-band (defect), G-band (graphite), and 2D-band, respectively, and the strong D-band of BNC-700 may be contributed by the defects from heteroatomic doping.…”

“…In addition, the I 2D / I G values that corresponds to the graphite layer number of BNCs (>1 monolayer, = 1 double layer, <1 multilayer) are 0.30 (BNC-600), 0.61 (BNC-700), and 0.33 (BNC-800), respectively, indicating that BNCs have multilayered graphite as same as the results of XRD. This structure of multilayered graphite is beneficial to the stability of the material and rapid ion transport, , and the characteristic peaks of MgO and Mg­(Ac) 2 crystals are not found in XRD or Raman spectra, indicating that they have been completely removed after the treatment of dilute sulfuric acid.…”

“…20,21 Mesopores have the advantage of high rate capability because of the wider pore diameter, which facilitates the transfer and accommodation of ions. 19 Hollow carbon nanocages as an important kind of carbon nanomaterials, with sp 2 hybrid carbon shells and hollow interior cavities, show unique advantages in energy applications, similar to the hollow inorganic spheres and beyond. 22 They have not only the common characteristics of carbon nanomaterials, such as excellent electrical conductivity, high stability, and porous structure, but also the following special properties: (i) hollow interior cavity with sub-nano-microchannels, (ii) high specific surface area and abundant defect edge structures, and (iii) in addition, nanocages can be further tuned to three-dimensional (3D) stacking structures with layered structures or interconnections of macropores, mesopores, and micropores, giving them the great ability to facilitate mass/charge transfer.…”

“…14,18 At the same time, the electrode materials of threedimensional scaffolds with appropriately sized interconnect layered holes produce a large available specific surface area (SSA) to provide an appropriate electrolyte−electrode contact interface and promote rapid charge transfer. 19 However, for commercial microporous carbon-based electrode materials, especially when used under high current density, their unfavorable pore size distribution (>1.0 nm) and the electrostatic shielding of pores will seriously reduce the specific surface area accessible to ions, thus hindering the capacitance performance. 20,21 Mesopores have the advantage of high rate capability because of the wider pore diameter, which facilitates the transfer and accommodation of ions.…”

Short-Range Ordered Porous Carbon Derived from Confined-Region Activation Strategy Exhibits Excellent High-Loading Performance in Supercapacitors

“…Numerous mainstream rechargeable electrochemical energy storage systems, including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, supercapacitors (SCs), and lithium–sulfur batteries, have been developed and gained extensive attention in the world due to their high energy density and high power density coupled with a long cycling life. − Among these systems, SCs have combined the advantages of high energy/power density, ultralong cycling, and a fast charging and discharging performance. − Thus, SCs play an important role in providing rapid and long cycling life power for ubiquitous mobile energy storage devices, the transportation sector, and hybrid electric vehicles. − Symmetric electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are a class of SCs that store and release charge by electrochemical adsorption and desorption for electrolyte ions at the interface between the electrolyte and the active materials . Activated carbon, − graphene, template carbon, and carbon nanotubes have been regarded as the commonly used electrochemical active materials for EDLC devices. The detailed electrochemical properties of these used carbon-based electrode materials in EDLC can be effectively enhanced by increasing their specific surface areas (SSAs) because a higher SSA can provide abundant storage active sites and a high electron/ion transfer rate for improving the reversible specific capacities.…”