Extraordinary Funding and a Financially Viable Football Industry—Friends or Foes? A Norwegian Football League Perspective

Jacobsen, Åse; Kringstad, Morten; Olsen, Tor-Eirik

doi:10.3390/su13052788

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Identifying the temporality of public aid is essential for measuring the effectiveness of sports policies put in place. In this respect, we agree with the conclusions of [19] for whom "it is useful to distinguish clearly between ex-ante and ex-post funding." For them, ex ante aid seems to be more effective in supporting and helping clubs to develop.…”

Section: Conclusion and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Ref. [19] suggested that ex ante support is more relevant for providing effective support for clubs. For them, "ex-post funding can be argued to be counter-productive to financial viability (e.g., cloaking inadequate finances, providing incentives for overspending, and rewarding clubs that overspend), ex-ante funding is more in line with sound financial management (e.g., funds that are contingent upon a history of sound finances, incorporated in budgets).…”

Section: Public Financing Of Stadiums Has Characteristics Of the Five...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, the existing literature has neglected to examine the relationship between SBCs and the public funding of stadiums. This gap in the literature was also recently pointed out by [19], who suggest that "future research should also focus on [ . .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Soft Budget Constraints in French Football through Public Financing of Stadiums

2022

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Several football stadiums were built or renovated in France for hosting the 2016 UEFA European Football Championship. This study examines to what extent financial support by local governments for stadium construction or renovation induces soft budget constraints (SBC) for professional sports clubs. We address the research question based on a quantitative case study in the context of the construction and renovation of eight football stadiums that took place in France between 2012 and 2016. Our data shows that the public sector financed on average 78% of the new stadiums’ total construction or renovation costs, and local governments paid on average 60% of the total annual rental costs. The results indicate that local governments in French professional football are "supporting organizations" and help to ensure the financial sustainability and viability of the clubs by allowing them to benefit from financial flexibility, which are typical characteristics of SBCs. In total, we identify 32 forms of public aid that we classified according to different categories of “softness” and whether these aids appeared ex ante or ex post. Public aid constituted financial support that was sometimes very substantial, amounting to several million euros in each case. This financial support is often not taken into account by the regulatory authorities and thus could be interpreted as hidden government subsidies to professional clubs, which in some cases exceeded the subsidy allowance of €2.3 million.

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Section: Conclusion and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Public Financing Of Stadiums Has Characteristics Of the Five...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soft Budget Constraints in French Football through Public Financing of Stadiums

2022

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“…Bennike et al (2020) consider professional football clubs in Denmark and state that the question of economic power remains top of the agenda because clubs are trying to balance financial stability with sporting success. Staying in Scandinavia, Jacobsen et al (2021) consider the case of Norwegian football and consider implications for financial viability derived from funding beyond what the Union of European Football Association (UEFA) defines as relevant income in football, referred to as extraordinary funding. They argue for regulatory bodies to take on a proactive role in promoting financial viability, primarily by providing incentives for decisions, such as those related to extraordinary funding, that are in line with sound financial management.…”

Section: Measuring Performance In Professional Team Sportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The other ISL: analysing the finances of the Indian Super League (football) and its franchisees

Mondal

Plumley

Wilson

2022

Managing Sport and Leisure

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Rationale: This paper conducts a holistic performance analysis of the Indian Super League (ISL) football competition and its member franchisees between 2014-2015 and 2019-2020 with a particular focus on financial and sporting performance metrics. Methodology: The study utilises the PAM for professional football teams which consists of eight financial indicators and three sporting indicators. The data for this research were obtained by dissecting the annual accounts of ten ISL franchisees between 2014-2015 and 2019-2020 season. Findings: The results (at both franchisee and league level) show financial problems that have, in some ways, stunted growth of the ISL. Many franchisees have reported poor financial performance for the period of the study and there are problems with debt and profitability. As a result, our findings show that for this study, there is also no statistical evidence that having better financial health leads to superior sporting performance in the ISL to date. Practical implications: The ISL face challenges at governance level due to its peculiar structure and arrangements between the league, franchisees, and broadcasters. Financial performance has been an issue since the inception of the league and franchisees have cost control issues that have been commonplace in other major sporting leagues around the globe. Despite being in its infancy stage, the warning signs can lead to stagnation and regression of the league in the future, if not addressed properly.

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“…In recent years, with the rapid development of China's economy, China's sports industry has also been greatly improved, the development speed is faster, but the overall scale is still not very large, in which there are still some problems [1][2][3]. Soccer industry is an important part of China's sports industry, soccer is a collective, backward project, is a popularity wide, high attention to the project, it is also designated by the State Council as one of the potential industries [4][5][6]. The soccer industry's development has reached the highest level in the country, as evidenced by this.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of Chinese Youth Football Players Cultivation System Based on Discrete Regression Algorithm

2024

Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences

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In the course of the development of Chinese soccer, the development of youth soccer plays a very important role, so it is very important to build a scientific training system for youth soccer. In this paper, Bootstrap resampling technique is used to train the multidimensional logistic regression algorithm, and the genetic algorithm is used to optimize the parameters, which in turn improves the logistic regression algorithm. The HBase discrete regression algorithm model is constructed by combining the improved logistic regression algorithm with the HBase database system. Experiments were conducted on the running ability, performance prediction, and mental health disorder detection of Chinese youth soccer players, and finally the clubs in five places that improved the training system of youth soccer players through the HBase discrete regression algorithm were evaluated. The experimental results show that the maximum instantaneous explosive power of the athletes is close to 80 m/s2. In the performance prediction experiment, the error between the performance of the youth soccer players predicted based on the HBase discrete regression algorithm and the real value is less than 0.5. In the five clubs that have improved the cultivation system of the youth soccer athletes based on the HBase discrete regression algorithm, the overall average score of the evaluation of the cultivation system is more than 83 points.. This study has the potential to help improve the development of youth soccer in China.

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Extraordinary Funding and a Financially Viable Football Industry—Friends or Foes? A Norwegian Football League Perspective

Cited by 9 publications

References 57 publications

Soft Budget Constraints in French Football through Public Financing of Stadiums

Soft Budget Constraints in French Football through Public Financing of Stadiums

The other ISL: analysing the finances of the Indian Super League (football) and its franchisees

Construction of Chinese Youth Football Players Cultivation System Based on Discrete Regression Algorithm

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