Extrapallial abscesses associated with chronic bacterial infections in the intensively cultured juvenile Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

Elston, Robert; Frelier, Paul F.; Cheney, Dan

doi:10.3354/dao037115

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Once in the extrapallial space, as the present study shows, V. tapetis can readily penetrate the external mantle epithelium of R. philippinarum and proliferate to lethal densities in the soft tissues. A similar disease progression was described during vibriosis in larvae of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica (Elston & Leibovitz 1980) and in juvenile Pacific oysters C. gigas, affected by extrapallial abscesses caused by an unknown bacterium (Elston et al 1999). In addition, V. tapetis, abundant in the pallial cavity fluid of diseased animals (Maes 1992, Allam et al 1996a, is likely to be ingested in large quantities and may also penetrate into the soft tissues through digestive epithelia, especially of the digestive diverticula.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Pathogenicity of Vibrio tapetis, the etiological agent of brown ring disease in clams

Allam¹,

Paillard²,

Ford³

2002

Dis. Aquat. Org.

111

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Pathogenicity of Vibrio tapetis, the etiological agent of brown ring disease in clams

Allam¹,

Paillard²,

Ford³

2002

Dis. Aquat. Org.

111

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“…in different bivalve larvae. Further work on this subject confirmed the link between bacteria and disease in several mollusc species, including Ostrea edulis, Crassostrea virginica, C. gigas, M. mercenaria, Mytilus galloprovincialis and species of pectinids (Tubiash et al 1970, Helm & Smith 1971, Brown & Losee 1978, DiSalvo et al 1978, Elston & Leibovitz 1980, Brown 1981, Elston et al 1982, Jeffries 1982, Brown 1983, Bolinches et al 1986, Tubiash & Otto 1986, Lodeiros et al 1987, Brown & Tettelbach 1988, Lodeiros et al 1992, Riquelme et al 1995, Nicolas et al 1996, Sáinz et al 1998, Sugumar et al 1998, Araya et al 1999, Elston et al 1999, Lacoste et al 2001, Anguiano-Beltrán et al 2004, Estes et al 2004, Gay et al 2004.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Dis Aquat Org 67: [209][210][211][212][213][214][215] 2005 Tettelbach 1988, Lodeiros et al 1992, Riquelme et al 1995, Nicolas et al 1996, Sáinz et al 1998, Sugumar et al 1998, Araya et al 1999, Elston et al 1999, Lacoste et al 2001, Anguiano-Beltrán et al 2004, Estes et al 2004, Gay et al 2004.…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic bacteria isolated from disease outbreaks in shellfish hatcheries. First description of Vibrio neptunius as an oyster pathogen

Prado¹,

Romalde²,

Montes³

et al. 2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Shellfish hatcheries are often affected by disease outbreaks. Three such episodes were investigated in different Galician hatcheries in order to establish the relationship between present microbiota and mortalities. Isolates were obtained from various parts of the hatcheries. Experimental tests for pathogenicity were carried out in microscale experiments using selected strains on Ostrea edulis larvae. The pathogenicity of 1 strain from each outbreak was demonstrated and shown to cause high mortalities (ranging from 98.5 to 100%) in 72 to 96 h after inoculation of larval cultures. All 3 strains belong to the genus Vibrio. One of the strains was identified as Vibrio neptunius and is the first description of this species as a molluscan pathogen. The other 2 strains showed low similarity with the Vibrio species analysed and may constitute new species within this genus. KEY WORDS: Flat oyster · Vibrio · Vibrio neptunius · Pathogenicity test · Shellfish hatchery Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 67: [209][210][211][212][213][214][215] 2005 Tettelbach 1988, Lodeiros et al. 1992, Riquelme et al. 1995, Nicolas et al. 1996, Sáinz et al. 1998, Sugumar et al. 1998, Araya et al. 1999, Elston et al. 1999, Lacoste et al. 2001, Anguiano-Beltrán et al. 2004, Estes et al. 2004, Gay et al. 2004.In this paper, we present the results of bacteriological studies performed during 3 episodes of severe mortalities in 3 shellfish hatcheries in Galicia. The pathogenicity of isolated bacterial strains was tested in order to identify the aetiological agents. In addition, the first evidence of Vibrio neptunius as mollusc pathogen is presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS Description of facilities and bacterial isolation.The facilities where mortalities occurred are situated at different locations along the Galician coast in NW Spain (Fig. 1). Their management practices vary: one is a commercial hatchery beside a molluscan depuration facility (hatchery A); the second is a plant where molluscs and fishes are cultured (hatchery B); and the third is exclusively dedicated to molluscs (hatchery C). Two of the facilities (B and C) suffered mortalities in oyster larval stages and one (A) in post-larvae.Samples were taken in the different areas of the hatcheries: larvae, spat, broodstock, tank surfaces, phytoplankton and water. Larvae, spat and broodstock gonad (pieces excised aseptically) were washed, ground and homogenized in sterile seawater (SSW). Appropriate dilutions were made with these suspensions as well as with samples of water and phytoplankton used as larval feed. They were spread on Marine Agar (MA, Pronadisa) and Thiosulphate Citrate Bile Sucrose (TCBS, Oxoid). Samples taken directly from inner surfaces of the tanks containing the oysters were spread on the above mentioned media with sterile swabs.Plates were incubated at 22°C and selected colonies were isolated after 24 h (TCBS) or 7 d (MA) on MA, and further restreaked to purity. Pure cultures of strains were frozen at -8...

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“…ibrio tubiashii has been associated with major mortality events in shellfish hatcheries on the U.S. Pacific Coast and in other locations worldwide (1)(2)(3)(4). It was first reported as a pathogen of larval oysters by Haskell S. Tubiash (5) in 1965 and was later named V. tubiashii by Hada et al (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortalities of Eastern and Pacific Oyster Larvae Caused by the Pathogens Vibrio coralliilyticus and Vibrio tubiashii

Richards

Watson

Needleman

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

110

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dVibrio tubiashii is reported to be a bacterial pathogen of larval Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and has been associated with major hatchery crashes, causing shortages in seed oysters for commercial shellfish producers. Another bacterium, Vibrio coralliilyticus, a well-known coral pathogen, has recently been shown to elicit mortality in fish and shellfish. Several strains of V. coralliilyticus, such as ATCC 19105 and Pacific isolates RE22 and RE98, were misidentified as V. tubiashii until recently. We compared the mortalities caused by two V. tubiashii and four V. coralliilyticus strains in Eastern and Pacific oyster larvae. The 50% lethal dose (LD 50 ) of V. coralliilyticus in Eastern oysters (defined here as the dose required to kill 50% of the population in 6 days) ranged from 1.1 ؋ 10 4 to 3.0 ؋ 10 4 CFU/ml seawater; strains RE98 and RE22 were the most virulent. This study shows that V. coralliilyticus causes mortality in Eastern oyster larvae. Results for Pacific oysters were similar, with LD 50 s between 1.2 ؋ 10 4 and 4.0 ؋ 10 4 CFU/ml. Vibrio tubiashii ATCC 19106 and ATCC 19109 were highly infectious toward Eastern oyster larvae but were essentially nonpathogenic toward healthy Pacific oyster larvae at dosages of >1.1 ؋ 10 4 CFU/ml. These data, coupled with the fact that several isolates originally thought to be V. tubiashii are actually V. coralliilyticus, suggest that V. coralliilyticus has been a more significant pathogen for larval bivalve shellfish than V. tubiashii, particularly on the U.S. West Coast, contributing to substantial hatchery-associated morbidity and mortality in recent years. Another bacterium, Vibrio coralliilyticus, is best known as a coral pathogen responsible for coral bleaching and has been associated with significant losses to coral reefs worldwide (7,8). Recently, V. coralliilyticus was shown to be infectious to a variety of fish and shellfish, including Pacific oyster larvae (9, 10), the great scallop (Pecten maximus) and the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) (10), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and larval brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) (11). Around the time that V. coralliilyticus was shown to be pathogenic to fish and shellfish, it was also learned through DNA sequencing that some marine isolates thought to be V. tubiashii were actually V. coralliilyticus (7,12). V. coralliilyticus and V. tubiashii are closely related phylogenetically (7, 13). Although some major hatchery crashes have been linked to V. tubiashii (3), it is now known that some of the etiological agents reported to be V. tubiashii are actually V. coralliilyticus. The strains formerly known as Vibrio tubiashii ATCC 19105, maintained by the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA), and V. tubiashii RE22, isolated from Pacific oyster larvae from a hatchery in Oregon (3), have been shown by sequencing to be V. coralliilyticus strains (12). Whole-genome sequencing was recently completed on RE98 (22), which was previously identified as a highly pat...

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Extrapallial abscesses associated with chronic bacterial infections in the intensively cultured juvenile Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

Cited by 22 publications

References 7 publications

Pathogenicity of Vibrio tapetis, the etiological agent of brown ring disease in clams

Pathogenicity of Vibrio tapetis, the etiological agent of brown ring disease in clams

Pathogenic bacteria isolated from disease outbreaks in shellfish hatcheries. First description of Vibrio neptunius as an oyster pathogen

Mortalities of Eastern and Pacific Oyster Larvae Caused by the Pathogens Vibrio coralliilyticus and Vibrio tubiashii

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