Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in the United States1

Abstract

In recent years, the decrease in reported tuberculosis in the United States has been due almost entirely to a drop in the number of cases of pulmonary disease. There has been little change in the average number of extrapulmonary cases reported. A retrospective survey of extrapulmonary tuberculosis has shown that it differs from pulmonary tuberculosis with regard to sex and race distribution, diagnosing physician's speciality and proportion of cases bacteriologically confirmed. There is variation within extrapulmonary cases according to specific anatomic site with regard to the above characteristics as well as age distribution. These epidemiologic differences in tuberculosis of different sites are unexplained.

Clinical forms and outcome of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in a tertiary hospital in São Paulo - Brazil

“…However, the extra-pulmonary (36%) and disseminated (22%) forms occurred at a higher frequency than has been observed among HIV seronegative patients (Table 2) Before AIDS pandemics, approximately 85% of the cases of TB were restricted to the lungs and the remaining 15% were extrapulmonary [41]. However, this distribution has changed among co-infected patients [42,43].…”

Central Nervous System Tuberculosis: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects

“…Both children (56) and HIV-coinfected patients (14,52,169) are at high risk for developing CNS tuberculosis. Other risk factors include malnutrition and recent measles in children (246) and alcoholism, malignancies, and the use of immunosuppressive agents in adults (101,143,233).…”

Renal Tuberculosis in Progressive Stage in a Patient Presenting With Recurrent Dysuria, Haematuria and Fever: Evaluation Through Ct Intravenous Urography: A Case Report

“…The genitourinary system is one of the most common sites of involvement by extrapulmonary tuberculosis, accounting for 15%-20% of infections outside the lungs. (1,2) Approximately, 4%-8% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis will develop clinically significant genitourinary infection. (3,4) About 25% of patients who present with tuberculous genitourinary disease have a known history of prior pulmonary tuberculosis; an additional 25%-50% of patients will have radiographic evidence of prior subclinical pulmonary infection.…”