Extreme interventions for extreme behavior: Peer-assisted behavior management in group treatment programs

Examining the therapeutic utility of restraints and seclusion with children and youth: The role of theory and research in practice.

“…These techniques include variants of restraint and seclusion. Restraints could involve the use of physical, mechanical, or chemical means, and seclusion could involve isolation-initiated voluntarily or involuntarily-in a locked or unlocked room.Physical restraint, also known as interpersonal restraint (Brendtro & Ness, 1991), may be broadly defined as "an external control or supportive technique" (Drisko, 1976, p. 469) that involves the use of physical force by one or more staff to restrict the movement of a child, using a variety of holding techniques, with "the least amount of force necessary" (Mullen, 2000, p. 92). While in a restraint, the child may be positioned either on his back (supine) or his belly…”

“…Physical restraint, also known as interpersonal restraint (Brendtro & Ness, 1991), may be broadly defined as “an external control or supportive technique” (Drisko, 1976, p. 469) that involves the use of physical force by one or more staff to restrict the movement of a child, using a variety of holding techniques, with “the least amount of force necessary” (Mullen, 2000, p. 92). While in a restraint, the child may be positioned either on his back (supine) or his belly(prone) to reduce the risk of asphyxiation.…”

“…Bell (1997) cautioned that staff should ensure that a child restrained in the prone position can move her head, that pressure is not put on the child's chest, and that minimum force is used to avoid injury. Mechanical restraints, also known as de-personal restraints (Brendtro & Ness, 1991), include a wide range of techniques, including leather and cloth straps; cuffs or belts for the wrist, ankle, waist, chest, or knee; papoose board; calming blanket; four- and five-point restraints to secure a child to a bed; Posey vests; body jackets; and geriatric chairs (Luiselli, Bastien, & Putnam, 1998; Mazzarins, Payne, & Kupfersmid, 1988; Mitchell & Varley, 1990; Troutman, Myers, Borchardt, Kowalski, & Bubrick, 1998).…”

Cultural Considerations for Residential Treatment of Children and/or Adolescents

“…PPC has holistic methods to work with youth in therapeutic settings (Springer, 2006). Brendtro and Ness (1991) described PPC as residential treatment that empowers youth as partners with staff in the problem solving process. Vorrath and Brendtro (1985) emphasize teaching youth to assume responsibility for mutual aid as well as responsibility for personal choices.…”

Interventions With Juvenile Offenders: Strategies to Prevent Acting Out Behavior

“…PPC has been a popular peer-group intervention developed for delinquent youth and used with them since the latter part of the 1970s (Davis, Hoffman, & Quigley, 1988;Tannehill, 1987). Brendtro and Ness (1991) described PPC as a residential treatment that empowers youth as partners with staff in the problem-solving process. Vorrath and Brendtro (1985) stated that PPC groups teach students to assume responsibility for helping one another and for their own actions by refraining from blaming others and using excuses.…”