Extreme Risk Protection Orders to Reduce Firearm Violence

Frizzell, William; Chien, Joseph

doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201800418

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Having this expertise is becoming increasingly imperative, given the increasing number of states that in the past few years have passed or are considering enacting “red flag” laws, also known as “Emergency Risk Protection Orders” or “Gun Violence Protection Orders.” Although physicians and mental health professionals typically do not have statutory legal standing as “petitioners” to initiate these proceedings, clinicians are likely to be increasingly called upon to communicate with family members to utilize these laws when patients present an increased risk of suicide or violence and have access to firearms. As Frizzell and Chien (2019) recently suggested, failure to do might represent a new source of professional liability.…”

Section: The State Of Firearm-specific Education and Training In Medicine And Mental Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaving Lake Wobegon: firearm-related education and training for medical and mental health professionals is an essential competence

Pirelli¹,

Gold

2019

JACPR

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Purpose Firearm-involved violence and suicide in the USA, often collectively referred to as “gun violence,” has been labeled a public health problem and an epidemic, and even an endemic by some. Many lawmakers, community groups, mainstream media outlets and professional organizations regularly address gun-related issues and frequently associate firearm violence with mental health. As a result, these groups often set forth positions, engage in discussions and promote policies that are at least partially based on the widely held but incorrect assumption that medical and mental health professionals are either inherently equipped or professionally trained to intervene with their patients and reduce gun deaths. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach Furthermore, notable proportions of medical and mental health professionals self-report a level of comfort engaging in firearm-specific interventions that is often disproportionate to their actual education and training in the area. This type of overconfidence bias has been referred to as the Lake Wobegon Effect, illusory superiority, the above average effect, the better-than average effect or the false uniqueness bias. While medical and mental health professionals need to serve on the front line of firearm-involved violence and suicide prevention initiatives, the vast majority have not actually received systematic, formal training on firearm-specific issues. Findings Therefore, many lack the professional and cultural competence to meet current and potential future in regard to addressing gun violence. In this paper, the authors discuss empirical studies that illustrate this reality and a novel model (i.e. the Know, Ask, Do framework) that medical and mental health professionals can use when firearm-related issues arise. In addition, the authors set forth considerations for clinicians to develop and maintain their professional and cultural competence related to firearms and firearm-related subcultures. Originality/value This paper provides empirical and conceptual support for medical and mental health programs to develop formal education and training related to guns, gun safety and gun culture. A framework is provided that can also assist medical and mental health professionals to develop and maintain their own professional and cultural competence.

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Section: The State Of Firearm-specific Education and Training In Medicine And Mental Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaving Lake Wobegon: firearm-related education and training for medical and mental health professionals is an essential competence

Pirelli¹,

Gold

2019

JACPR

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“…In response to Parkland several states passed Extreme Risk Protection Orders (ERPOs), also called red flag laws or Gun Violence Restraining Orders (GVROs), to prevent massacres like this from happening again. ERPOs provide a legal basis to assess risk by temporarily prohibiting the possession of firearms from individuals who pose a threat to themselves or others (Frizzell & Chien, 2019). While these laws vary by state, ERPOs generally allow law enforcement and anyone with an immediate relationship to the individual -family members, spouses, and in some cases dating partners -to file a temporary restraining order with the court to seize their firearms (Frizzell & Chien, 2019).…”

Section: List Of Acronymsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ERPOs provide a legal basis to assess risk by temporarily prohibiting the possession of firearms from individuals who pose a threat to themselves or others (Frizzell & Chien, 2019). While these laws vary by state, ERPOs generally allow law enforcement and anyone with an immediate relationship to the individual -family members, spouses, and in some cases dating partners -to file a temporary restraining order with the court to seize their firearms (Frizzell & Chien, 2019). Those who are seeking a temporary restraining order must provide compelling evidence that the individual is at risk of harming themselves or others (Kivisto & Phalen, 2018).…”

Section: List Of Acronymsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They conclude that mental health professionals should take it "on a case-by-case basis" (Frizzell & Chien, 2019, p. 77) and also take their Second Amendment rights into consideration. (Frizzell & Chien, 2019). (Fields, 2020).…”

Section: Due Process and Second Amendment Rightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…And so we need to put that in there. So I think Parkland had a huge impact on it Scholars have also pointed to Parkland as the catalyst for the surge of ERPO passage in many states Frizzell and Chien (2019). note that after the Parkland shooting the number of states with ERPO laws doubled.…”

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A policy analysis of the Illinois Firearms Restraining Order Act : a multiple streams approach to Extreme Risk Protection Orders

Grim¹

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Self-reported Access to Firearms Among Patients Receiving Care for Mental Health and Substance Use

et al. 2021

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IMPORTANCE Firearms are the most common method of suicide, one of the "diseases of despair" driving increased mortality in the US over the past decade. However, routine standardized questions about firearm access are uncommon, particularly among adult populations, who are more often asked at the discretion of health care clinicians. Because standard questions are rare, patterns of patient-reported access are unknown. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether and how patients self-report firearm access information on a routine mental health monitoring questionnaire and additionally to examine sociodemographic and clinical associations of reported access. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSCross-sectional study of patients receiving care for mental health and/or substance use in primary care or outpatient mental health specialty clinics of Kaiser Permanente Washington, an integrated health insurance provider and care delivery system. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESElectronic health records were used to identify patients who completed a standardized self-reported mental health monitoring questionnaire after a single question about firearm access was added from January 1, 2016, through December 31, 2019. Primary analyses evaluated response (answered vs not answered) and reported access (yes vs no) among those who answered, separately for patients seen in primary care and mental health. These analyses also evaluated associations between patient characteristics and reported firearm access. Data analysis took place from February 2020 through May 2021.RESULTS Among patients (n = 128 802) who completed a mental health monitoring questionnaire during the study period, 74.4% (n = 95 875) saw a primary care clinician and 39.3% (n = 50 631) saw a mental health specialty clinician. The primary care and mental health samples were predominantly female (63.1% and 64.9%, respectively) and White (75.7% and 77.0%), with a mean age of 42.8 and 51.1 years. In primary care, 83.4% of patients answered the question about firearm access, and 20.9% of patients who responded to the firearm question reported having access. In mental health, 91.8% of patients answered the question, and 15.3% reported having access. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEIn this cross-sectional study of adult patients receiving care for mental health and substance use, most patients answered a question about firearm access on a standardized mental health questionnaire. These findings provide a critical foundation to help advance understanding of the utility of standardized firearm access assessment and to inform development of practice guidelines and recommendations. Responses to standard firearm access questions used in combination with dialogue and decision-making resources about firearm access and storage may improve suicide prevention practices and outcomes.

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Extreme Risk Protection Orders to Reduce Firearm Violence

Cited by 10 publications

References 2 publications

Leaving Lake Wobegon: firearm-related education and training for medical and mental health professionals is an essential competence

Leaving Lake Wobegon: firearm-related education and training for medical and mental health professionals is an essential competence

A policy analysis of the Illinois Firearms Restraining Order Act : a multiple streams approach to Extreme Risk Protection Orders

Self-reported Access to Firearms Among Patients Receiving Care for Mental Health and Substance Use

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