2013
DOI: 10.1007/s11069-013-0851-3
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Extreme weather impacts on freight railways in Europe

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Cited by 68 publications
(46 citation statements)
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“…In Norway, where the railroad network is sparse, the economic consequences of extreme weather events during the past decades, has led to a shift from transport of goods by rail to road 25 haulage. Similar trends are seen in other parts of Europe as well, particularly after the extreme winters with heavy snowfall and long cold periods in 2010 and 2011, respectively (Ludvigsen and Klaeboe, 2014). Extreme weather events have negative effects not only on the road quality (with the increased wear of roads), but more importantly, on disruption of services.…”
Section: Introductionsupporting
confidence: 58%
“…In Norway, where the railroad network is sparse, the economic consequences of extreme weather events during the past decades, has led to a shift from transport of goods by rail to road 25 haulage. Similar trends are seen in other parts of Europe as well, particularly after the extreme winters with heavy snowfall and long cold periods in 2010 and 2011, respectively (Ludvigsen and Klaeboe, 2014). Extreme weather events have negative effects not only on the road quality (with the increased wear of roads), but more importantly, on disruption of services.…”
Section: Introductionsupporting
confidence: 58%
“…Previous research found out that at this situations, project manager had to prepare for the worst case scenario in terms of calculating the risks (Ludvigsen & Klaeboe, 2014).…”
Section: What Are the Major Issues In Transporting Heavy Equipment Fomentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Studies conducted with disaggregate data report that the relationship between delay events and delay time is often nonlinear, time-variable, and S-shaped [16]. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has distinguished advantages over traditional tactical methodologies (e.g., regression analysis, logistic regression, etc.)…”
Section: Literature Reviewmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The errors of an MLP are half squared the differences between the desired and actual outputs. The pre-factor 1/2 is not necessary but leads to a compact result [16]. The gradual adjustment in the training finally obtains a good weight distribution [18].…”
Section: Theoretical Fundamentals Of Mlpmentioning
confidence: 99%