Extrinsic emotion regulation.

Abstract

To date, the field of emotion regulation (ER) has largely focused on intrinsic ER (i.e., regulation of one's own emotions) and has only recently started to investigate extrinsic ER (i.e., regulation of another person's emotions). This paper selectively reviews current findings in order to answer the following questions: (1) What is extrinsic ER and how can it be distinguished from related constructs such as emotional contagion, empathy, prosocial behavior and social support? (2) How can we best model the processes through which extrinsic ER occurs as well as individual differences in extrinsic ER ability? The answers show that although extrinsic ER has much in common with intrinsic ER, the two cannot be equated. Research is therefore needed on the extrinsic side of ER.

Evaluating the higher-order structure of the Profile of Emotional Competence (PEC): Confirmatory factor analysis and Bayesian structural equation modeling

“…The importance of distinguishing between intrapersonal and interpersonal domains is consistent with theory in EC-related research areas and other fields in psychology. For example, in the related field of emotion regulation, researchers recently developed a theoretical model assuming that perceiving, understanding, and regulating others ’ emotions are related but distinct psychological processes from perceiving, understanding, and regulating one’s own emotions [68–70]. More broadly, Leary, Raimi [71] indicated the importance of distinguishing intrapersonal from interpersonal motives in a wide range of psychological phenomena, such as cognitive dissonance, biases in decision-making, and self-conscious emotions.…”

Developing Employee Resilience: The Role of Leader-Facilitated Emotion Management

“…For decades, emotion researchers have studied the process of emotion regulation from an internal, or within-person standpoint (e.g., Gross, 1998;Gross & John, 2003), and that within-person focus carried over to research on workplace emotion regulation (Diefendorff et al, 2005(Diefendorff et al, , 2008Grandey, 2000). More recently, researchers have begun to expand our knowledge of emotion regulation by examining it as an external, or interpersonal phenomenon (Little et al, 2012(Little et al, , 2015(Little et al, , 2016Niven, 2016;Niven et al, 2019;Nozaki & Mikolajczak, 2020;Reeck et al, 2016;Thiel et al, 2015;Troth et al, 2018;Zaki & Williams, 2013). The intentional act of influencing another person's emotional state has been given many names, including interpersonal emotion regulation (Niven, 2016;Zaki & Williams, 2013), extrinsic emotion regulation (Nozaki & Mikolajczak, 2020), social regulation of emotion (Reeck et al, 2016), and interpersonal emotion management (Toegel et al, 2012).…”

“…More recently, researchers have begun to expand our knowledge of emotion regulation by examining it as an external, or interpersonal phenomenon (Little et al, 2012(Little et al, , 2015(Little et al, , 2016Niven, 2016;Niven et al, 2019;Nozaki & Mikolajczak, 2020;Reeck et al, 2016;Thiel et al, 2015;Troth et al, 2018;Zaki & Williams, 2013). The intentional act of influencing another person's emotional state has been given many names, including interpersonal emotion regulation (Niven, 2016;Zaki & Williams, 2013), extrinsic emotion regulation (Nozaki & Mikolajczak, 2020), social regulation of emotion (Reeck et al, 2016), and interpersonal emotion management (Toegel et al, 2012). The term management is arguably more consistent with the nature of the phenomenon, as it connotes attempts to influence authentic emotional states, whereas the term regulation connotes an attempt to force compliance (as described in the literature on display rules in emotional labor; Diefendorff & Richard, 2003).…”

A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Manipulation

“…Regarding measurements, this study employed EMS scale (Austin et al, 2007) which focused on non-prosociality of emotional manipulation and MEOS which may cover both prosociality and non-prosociality aspects of emotional manipulation (prosocial emotional manipulation: Enhance and Divert; non-prosocial manipulation: Inauthentic and Worsen; Austin & O'Donnell, 2013). Available scales that were directly developed to measure interpersonal emotion regulation, for example, the instrument developed by Little et al (2012) focused on decreasing or increasing either negative emotion or positive emotion (Netzer et al, 2015;Nozaki & Mikolajczak, 2020) without implying prosocial and non-prosocial purposes. Besides, studies in this field have been often conducted at interpersonal level while EI and emotional manipulation in this study are analyzed at intrapersonal level.…”