“…Confounding variables. Sociodemographic characteristics and pre-, peri-, and postnatal risk factors, which might be considered confounders (Castro Dias & Figueiredo, 2020;Thiel-Bonney & Cierpka, 2015;Wurmser & Papoušek, 2004), were assessed. These factors include sociodemographic characteristics such as age of mother and child, child gender, immigrant background of the child, other minors (siblings) in the household, maternal education according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), social welfare receipt (poverty risk), household income, and single parenthood.…”