Eye Cosmetic ‘Surma’: Hidden Threats of Lead Poisoning

Goswami, K.

doi:10.1007/s12291-012-0235-6

Cited by 33 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Besides these water sources, traditional cosmetics, socio-economic conditions were also the source of lead exposure for the children in Nepal. [15][16][17] In this study the mean BLL in those children exposed to one of theserisk factor was higher than those without the exposure. However the difference in the means were not statistically significant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Blood Lead Level among school children in an Industrial city of Nepal

Gautam¹,

Pradhan²,

Venkatesh³

et al. 2017

J Pathol Nep

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Background: Widespread use of lead has caused extensive environmental contamination and health problems in many parts of the world. Children are particularly vulnerable and even relatively low levels of exposure can cause serious health conditions. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of blood lead level in children in industrial city of Nepal, Birgunj.Materials and Methods: The cross sectional study was done on 50 school going student in Birgunj city, Nepal from November 2016 to January 2017. Questionnaire was used to collect data. Capillary blood was drawn and Blood Lead Level was measured immediately. SPSS ver. 22 was used to analyze the data.Results: The mean age of children in study was 12.5 ± 1.11 years.Among 50 children, 54% were male and 46% were female. The mean blood lead level was 20.33±9.36 μg/dl (male 21.08±8.87μg/dl, female 19.46±10.92 μg/dl). All the children in the study have elevated blood lead level and 84% of them have >10 μg/dl. About 26% of children have blood lead level between 15-20 μg/dl, 12% have level 20-25 μg/dl and 4% of them have more than 35 μg/dl.Conclusion: The prevalence of blood lead level in children from the industrial city of Nepal is alarmingly high. Children exposed with chipped paints have high level of blood lead level. However, further study in large population is required to address the current situation regarding the lead exposure to children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Blood Lead Level among school children in an Industrial city of Nepal

Gautam¹,

Pradhan²,

Venkatesh³

et al. 2017

J Pathol Nep

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“…In the available literature, we can found many cases of poisonings caused by Pb from kohl (surma), which might be absorbed through the conjunctiva, lacrimation, eye rubbing and finger sucking by children (Warley et al ., ; Shaltout et al ., ; Al Mahroos and Faap, ; Al Naama et al ., ; CDC, , ; Goswami, ). Many years ago, Warley et al .…”

Section: Unfavourable Health Effects Of Heavy Metals Presence In Cosmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metals in cosmetics: implications for human health

Borowska

Brzóska

2015

J of Applied Toxicology

283

180

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Cosmetics, preparations repeatedly applied directly to the human skin, mucous membranes, hair and nails, should be safe for health, however, recently there has been increasing concern about their safety. Unfortunately, using these products in some cases is related to the occurrence of unfavourable effects resulting from intentional or the accidental presence of chemical substances, including toxic metals. Heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic and nickel, as well as aluminium, classified as a light metal, are detected in various types of cosmetics (colour cosmetics, face and body care products, hair cosmetics, herbal cosmetics, etc.). In addition, necessary, but harmful when they occur in excessive amounts, elements such as copper, iron, chromium and cobalt are also present in cosmetic products. Metals occurring in cosmetics may undergo retention and act directly in the skin or be absorbed through the skin into the blood, accumulate in the body and exert toxic effects in various organs. Some cases of topical (mainly allergic contact dermatitis) and systemic effects owing to exposure to metals present in cosmetics have been reported. Literature data show that in commercially available cosmetics toxic metals may be present in amounts creating a danger to human health. Thus, the present review article focused on the problems related to the presence of heavy metals and aluminium in cosmetics, including their sources, concentrations and law regulations as well as danger for the health of these products users. Owing to the growing usage of cosmetics it is necessary to pay special attention to these problems.

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“…Previous cases of lead exposure involving lead-glazed ceramics and kohl were identified among the 690 children screened in France (Inserm and InVS, 2008) and in neonates in three maternity wards in the surroundings of Paris in 2004 (Yazbeck et al, 2007). Traditional cosmetics, such as surma and kohl, are also associated with high levels of lead exposure in children in the countries where they are frequently used (Al-Saleh et al, 1999;Goswami, 2013;Nuwayhid et al, 2003;Rahbar et al, 2002) and in sporadic cases in the US (CDC, 2004(CDC, , 2013b.…”

Section: Cosmetics and Ceramicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental determinants of different blood lead levels in children: A quantile analysis from a nationwide survey

Etchevers

Tertre

Lucas

et al. 2015

Environment International

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Blood lead levels (BLLs) have substantially decreased in recent decades in children in France. However, further reducing exposure is a public health goal because there is no clear toxicological threshold. The identification of the environmental determinants of BLLs as well as risk factors associated with high BLLs is important to update prevention strategies. We aimed to estimate the contribution of environmental sources of lead to different BLLs in children in France. We enrolled 484 children aged from 6months to 6years, in a nationwide cross-sectional survey in 2008-2009. We measured lead concentrations in blood and environmental samples (water, soils, household settled dusts, paints, cosmetics and traditional cookware). We performed two models: a multivariate generalized additive model on the geometric mean (GM), and a quantile regression model on the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th quantile of BLLs. The GM of BLLs was 13.8μg/L (=1.38μg/dL) (95% confidence intervals (CI): 12.7-14.9) and the 90th quantile was 25.7μg/L (CI: 24.2-29.5). Household and common area dust, tap water, interior paint, ceramic cookware, traditional cosmetics, playground soil and dust, and environmental tobacco smoke were associated with the GM of BLLs. Household dust and tap water made the largest contributions to both the GM and the 90th quantile of BLLs. The concentration of lead in dust was positively correlated with all quantiles of BLLs even at low concentrations. Lead concentrations in tap water above 5μg/L were also positively correlated with the GM, 75th and 90th quantiles of BLLs in children drinking tap water. Preventative actions must target household settled dust and tap water to reduce the BLLs of children in France. The use of traditional cosmetics should be avoided whereas ceramic cookware should be limited to decorative purposes.

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Eye Cosmetic ‘Surma’: Hidden Threats of Lead Poisoning

Cited by 33 publications

References 4 publications

Blood Lead Level among school children in an Industrial city of Nepal

Blood Lead Level among school children in an Industrial city of Nepal

Metals in cosmetics: implications for human health

Environmental determinants of different blood lead levels in children: A quantile analysis from a nationwide survey

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