Eye Gaze as Relational Evaluation: Averted Eye Gaze Leads to Feelings of Ostracism and Relational Devaluation

Wirth, James H.; Sacco, Donald F.; Hugenberg, Kurt; Williams, Kipling D.

doi:10.1177/0146167210370032

Cited by 280 publications

(244 citation statements)

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“…This resulted in a sample of 121: 70 students from a German university (57 female and 13 male) and 51 students from a Turkish university (44 2 In our calculations, we averaged all basic needs items together to create an overall measure of basic need satisfaction as all needs were highly intercorrelated, rs > .48, ps < .001. We used this procedure in alignment with recent social exclusion research (e.g., Wirth, Sacco, Hugenberg, & Williams, 2010 …”

Section: Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exclude Me If You Can

Pfundmair

Aydin

et al. 2015

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

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We examined how individualistic versus collectivistic cultural backgrounds affected the psychological experience of social exclusion. We found that Turkish, Chinese and Indian participants (collectivistic background) differed in their experience of social exclusion from German participants (individualistic background): German participants experienced lower fulfilment of psychological needs in response to social exclusion, whereas Turkish, Chinese and Indian participants were affected to a lesser extent (Turkey, India, Hong Kong) or not at all (mainland China) by social exclusion manipulations. Testing two different explanatory mechanisms in Study 3, we found that the difference in dealing with social exclusion was not associated with activating social representations in participants with collectivistic background but with exclusion being associated with more threat in participants with individualistic background. In Study 4, cultural differences emerged also on the physiological level: German

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Section: Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exclude Me If You Can

Pfundmair

Aydin

et al. 2015

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

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“…For example, the eyes contain information that allows us to better identify and recognize specific individuals (McKelvie, 1976). They also provide valuable information about the direction of a person's visual attention which has critical implications for understanding intentions, preferences, and approach-avoidance behaviors (Adams & Kleck, 2003Hietanen, Leppänen, Peltola, Linna-Aho, & Ruuhiala, 2008;Itier & Batty, 2009;Mason, Hood, & Macrae, 2004;Mason, Tatkow, & Macrae, 2005).The above research indicates that attending to the eyes can help us form impressions and regulate social interactions (Frischen, Bayliss, & Tipper, 2007;Kleinke, 1986;Nummenmaa, Hyönä, & Heitanen, 2009;Richmond, McCroskey, & Hickson, 2007;Wirth, Sacco, Hugenberg, & Williams, 2010). Recent work, however, has also demonstrated that individuals who do not preferentially attend to others' faces and eyes commonly experience social (Yardley, McDermott, Pisarski, Duchaine, & Nakayama, 2008) and developmental deficits (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, Raste, & Plumb, 2001;Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, & Jolliffe, 1997).…”

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confidence: 99%

An eye for the I: Preferential attention to the eyes of ingroup members.

Kawakami¹,

Williams²,

Sidhu³

et al. 2014

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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138

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Human faces, and more specifically the eyes, play a crucial role in social and nonverbal communication because they signal valuable information about others. It is therefore surprising that few studies have investigated the impact of intergroup contexts and motivations on attention to the eyes of ingroup and outgroup members. Four experiments investigated differences in eye gaze to racial and novel ingroups using eye tracker technology. Whereas Studies 1 and 3 demonstrated that White participants attended more to the eyes of White compared to Black targets, Study 2 showed a similar pattern of attention to the eyes of novel ingroup and outgroup faces. Studies 3 and 4 also provided new evidence that eye gaze is flexible and can be meaningfully influenced by current motivations. Specifically, instructions to individuate specific social categories increased attention to the eyes of target group members. Furthermore, the latter experiments demonstrated that preferential attention to the eyes of ingroup members predicted important intergroup biases such as recognition of ingroup over outgroup faces (i.e., the Own Race Bias; Study 3) and willingness to interact with outgroup members (Study 4). The implication of these findings for general theorizing on face perception, individuation processes, and intergroup relations are discussed.Keywords: intergroup bias, social categorization, individuation, prejudice, Own Race Bias, face perception, social vision PREFERENTIAL ATTENTION TO THE EYES OF INGROUP MEMBERS 3An Eye for the I: Preferential Attention to the Eyes of Ingroup MembersThe human face is arguably the most important of all social stimuli because it is such a rich source of information. Faces, and more specifically the eyes, play crucial roles in social and nonverbal communication, signaling valuable information about others (Adams & Kleck, 2003Niedenthal, Mermillod, Maringer, & Hess, 2010). Despite the key role that the eyes play in social cognition, few studies have investigated the impact of intergroup contexts and motivation on attention to the eyes of ingroup and outgroup members. Although research has convincingly demonstrated that perceivers are better at understanding and extracting information from faces that belong to ingroups relative to outgroups (Adams, Franklin, Nelson, & Stevenson, 2010;Chiao et al., 2008;, it remains unclear how people process faces from their own and other categories and whether distinct patterns of attention to specific facial features exist for these groups.The current research seeks to address this gap directly. To this end, we first provide a general review of the literature regarding the central role of the eyes in social perception, and in particular, their role when perceiving ingroup and outgroup members. Then we move to a discussion regarding the impact of motivation on eye gaze and the relationship between eye gaze, and two important intergroup biases: the Own Race Bias (Hugenberg, Young, Bernstein, & Sacco, 2010;Meissner & Brigham, 2001;Sporer, 2001) and a willing...

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“…Interestingly, a relatively small number of studies investigated attentional deployment in response to social feedback. Within the social (rejection) context, prior eyetracking studies have mainly investigated averted/directed eye gaze as a nonverbal form of ostracism (e.g., Wirth, Sacco, Hugenberg, & Williams, 2010) or to emotional faces after (threat of) social exclusion (e.g., DeWall, Maner, & Rouby, 2009). Silk and colleagues (2012) investigated visual gazes during a naturalistic viewing condition after being included or excluded from a chat game, specifically focusing on the attentional allocation towards self-relevant information.…”

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confidence: 99%

The regulation of positive and negative social feedback: A psychophysiological study

Vanderhasselt

Remue

et al. 2015

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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Everyday social evaluations are psychologically potent and trigger self-reflective thoughts and feelings. The present study sought to examine the psychophysiological impact of such evaluations using eye tracking, pupillometry, and heart-rate variability. Fifty-nine healthy adult volunteers received rigged social feedback (criticism and praise) based on their photograph. Gaze data were collected to investigate processes of attentional deployment/allocation toward the self or the evaluator expressing criticism or praise. Whereas voluntary attention was directed to evaluators who expressed praise, attention was drawn to one's own picture after criticism. Pupil dilation and heart-rate variability were larger in response to criticism as compared to praise, suggesting a flexible and adaptive emotion regulatory effort in response to social information that triggers an affective response. Altogether, healthy individuals recruited more regulatory resources to cope with negative (as compared to positive) social feedback, and this processing of social feedback was associated with adjustments in self-focused attention.

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Eye Gaze as Relational Evaluation: Averted Eye Gaze Leads to Feelings of Ostracism and Relational Devaluation

Cited by 280 publications

References 54 publications

Exclude Me If You Can

Exclude Me If You Can

An eye for the I: Preferential attention to the eyes of ingroup members.

The regulation of positive and negative social feedback: A psychophysiological study

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