Eye movements and cognitive psychology: On-line computer approaches to studying visual information processing

Rayner, Keith

doi:10.3758/bf03205641

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Some of the earliest experiments of the genre (McConkie & Rayner, 1975;Rayner, 1975b) suffered from the fact that the display changes associated with eye movements were relatively slow, so readers undoubtedly saw some of the letters change. The eye-tracking and computer systems currently used in eye-contingent change experiments (see BeanviUain & Beauvillaln, 1995;McConkie, Wolverton, Zola, & Bums, 1978;Rayner, 1979b;van Diepen, DeGraef, & Van Rensbergen, 1994) are more sophisticated than those used in the early classic experiments, and the more recent research with faster display changes have yielded patterns of data very consistent with those originally reported. The currently used display change techniques generally mean that in moving window experiments the movement of the window is completed within 3-8 ms of the end of the saccadel° and the speed of the display Change in studies using the boundary technique guarantees that the change occurs during the saccade.…”

Section: Display Change Effects?supporting

confidence: 64%

Eye movements in reading and information processing.

Rayner¹

1978

Psychological Bulletin

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Recent studies of eye movements in reading and other information processing tasks, such as music reading, typing, visual search, and scene perception, are reviewed. The major emphasis of the review is on reading as a specific example of cognitive processing. Basic topics discussed with respect to reading are (a) the characteristics of eye movements, (b) the perceptual span, (c) integration of information across saccades, (d) eye movement control, and (e) individual differences (including dyslexia). Similar topics are discussed with respect to the other tasks examined. The basic theme of the review is that eye movement data reflect moment-to-moment cognitive processes in the various tasks examined. Theoretical and practical considerations concerning the use of eye movement data are also discussed.Many studies using eye movements to investigate cognitive processes have appeared over the past 20 years. In an earlier review, I (Rayner, 1978b) argued that since the mid-1970s we have been in a third era of eye movement research and that the success of research in the current era would depend on the ingenuity of researchers in designing interesting and informative studies. It would appear from the vast number of studies using eye movement data over the past 20 years that research in this third era is fulfilling the promise inherent in using eye movement behavior to infer cognitive processes. The first era of eye movement research extended from Javal's initial observations concerning the role of eye movements in reading in 1879 (see Huey, 1908) up until about 1920. During this era, many basic facts about eye movements were discovered. Issues such as saccadic suppression (the fact that we do not perceive information during an eye movement), saccade latency (the time that it takes to initiate an eye movement), and the size of the perceptual span (the region of effective vision) were of concern in this era. The second era, which coincided with the behaviorist movement in experimental psychology, tended to have a more applied focus, and little research was undertaken with eye movements to infer cognitive processes. Although classic work by Tinker (1946) on reading and by Buswell (1935) on scene perception was carried out during this era, in retrospect, most of the work seems to have focused on the eye movements per se (or on surface aspects of the task being investigated). Tinker's (1958) final review ended on the rather pessimistic note that almost every-

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Section: Display Change Effects?supporting

confidence: 64%

Eye movements in reading and information processing.

Rayner¹

1978

Psychological Bulletin

Self Cite

915

536

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“…Furthermore, this motor error is of two types: random and systematic. The random error causes saccades to deviate from their intended targets (i.e., the preferred-viewing location, which is to the left of the center of the target word; Rayner, 1979) in a manner that causes the fixation landing-site distributions on words to resemble truncated Gaussian distributions, with missing "tails" that reflect instances where the eyes either under-or overshot their intended targets (McConkie, Kerr, Reddix, Zola, & Jacobs, 1989;McConkie et al, 1988McConkie et al, , 1991Rayner & Fischer, 1996;Rayner, Sereno, & Raney, 1996). Some proportion of these under-and overshoots also reflect contributions of the second, systematic source of saccadic error.…”

Section: Eye Movements During Readingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Reinforcement Learning to Examine Dynamic Attention Allocation During Reading

2013

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A fundamental question in reading research concerns whether attention is allocated strictly serially, supporting lexical processing of one word at a time, or in parallel, supporting concurrent lexical processing of two or more words ). The origins of this debate are reviewed. We then report three simulations to address this question using artificial reading agents (Liu & Reichle, 2010;Reichle & Laurent, 2006) that learn to dynamically allocate attention to 1-4 words to "read" as efficiently as possible. These simulation results indicate that the agents strongly preferred serial word processing, although they occasionally attended to more than one word concurrently. The reason for this preference is discussed, along with implications for the debate about how humans allocate attention during reading.

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“…A number of successful studies have been carried out using these computer-based systems (for review, see McConkie et aI., 1978, andRayner, 1979; also see Pollatsek, Bolozky, Well, & Rayner, 1981, Rayner, Well, & Pollatsek, 1980, and Salthouse, Ellis, Diener, & Somberg, 1981. Such systems are, of course, in some respects the most flexible possible, since the image can be stabilized relative to the retina, if desired, or scanned within whatever limits are set by the experimenter.…”

Section: Getiing Away From the Tachistoscopementioning

confidence: 99%

“…On-line computer eye movement recorders have been reviewed by Loftus (1979) and by Rayner (1979), who also discussed their use in cognitive psychology.…”

Section: Eye Movement Monitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similar system (Narco-Biosystems Model 200) was used by Rayner (1975Rayner ( , 1979and Salthouse et al (1981), but Rayner and his colleagues (see Pollatsek et aI., 1981, Rayner, 1979andRayner et aI., 1980, 1981) seem to have settled for a Stanford Research Institute Dual-Purkinje Eyetracker (Clark, 1975). The Dual-Purkinje Eyetracker has a frequency response of 300 Hz (Young & Sheena, 1975), with a resolution of 10 min of arc, and is linear over at least 14 deg, and, when coupled with an on-line computer system, can accomplish a display change within 2-10 msec after the termination of a saccade .…”

Section: Eye Movement Monitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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