Eye movements and parafoveal word processing in reading Chinese

Yen, Miao Hsuan; Tsai, Jie-Li; Tzeng, Ovid J.L.; Hung, Daisy L.

doi:10.3758/mc.36.5.1033

Cited by 68 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In these cases, it is unclear exactly what information contributed to the decision to skip the word: The skipping decision could have been a result of actual semantic processing or of orthographic information simply confirming one of a constrained set of lexical candidates. The latter idea fits in well with the finding that readers are more likely to skip words (as compared with nonwords; Blanchard et al, 1989;White, Warren, & Reichle, 2011;Yen, Tsai, Tzeng, & Hung, 2008), suggesting that lexical status contributes to the decision to skip a word. Additionally, skipping, especially of short words, can also be caused by simple oculomotor error resulting in mislocated fixations .…”

Section: Skipping Effectssupporting

confidence: 70%

“…In Chinese, the morpheme that a character represents can differ, depending on the word in which it is embedded. Yen et al (2008) found that preview benefits were larger when the preview and target shared a character that represented the same morpheme, as compared with a condition in which the character was the same (orthographically) but the morpheme it represented differed between the preview word and the target word. Recently, Yang (2010) reported a preview benefit for twocharacter (i.e., bimorphemic) Chinese compound words.…”

Section: Morphological Processingmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Parafoveal processing in reading

Schotter

Angele

Rayner

2011

Atten Percept Psychophys

480

459

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The present review summarizes research investigating how words are identified parafoveally (and foveally) in reading. Parafoveal and foveal processing are compared when no other concurrent task is required (e.g., in singleword recognition tasks) and when both are required simultaneously (e.g., during reading). We first review methodologies used to study parafoveal processing (e.g., corpus analyses and experimental manipulations, including gaze-contingent display change experiments such as the boundary, moving window, moving mask, and fast priming paradigms). We then turn to a discussion of the levels of representation at which words are processed (e.g., orthographic, phonological, morphological, lexical, syntactic, and semantic). Next, we review relevant research regarding parafoveal processing, summarizing the extent to which words are processed at each of those levels of representation. We then review some of the most controversial aspects of parafoveal processing, as they relate to reading: (1) word skipping, (2) parafoveal-on-foveal effects, and (3) n + 1 and n + 2 preview benefit effects. Finally, we summarize two of the most advanced models of eye movements during reading and how they address foveal and parafoveal processing.

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Section: Skipping Effectssupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Morphological Processingmentioning

confidence: 89%

Parafoveal processing in reading

Schotter

Angele

Rayner

2011

Atten Percept Psychophys

480

459

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The present result of semantic activation from parafoveally presented Korean words extends our knowledge on parafoveal high-level information processing. There is considerable additional evidence for parafoveal (morpho-)semantic processing in Chinese (Yan, Pan, Bélanger, & Shu, 2015;Yan & Sommer, 2015;Yen, Tsai, Tzeng, & Hung, 2008). In contrast, such effects appear to be limited to synonym previews in English (Schotter, 2013) or to scripts with relatively transparent letter-phoneme correspondence, such as German (Hohenstein, Laubrock, & Kliegl, 2010;Hohenstein & Kliegl, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-language parafoveal semantic processing: Evidence from Korean–Chinese bilinguals

et al. 2015

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In the present study, we aimed at testing crosslanguage cognate and semantic preview effects. We tested how native Korean readers who learned Chinese as a second language make use of the parafoveal information during the reading of Chinese sentences. There were 3 types of Korean preview words: cognate translations of the Chinese target words, semantically related noncognate words, and unrelated words. Together with a highly significant cognate preview effect, more critically, we also observed reliable facilitation in processing of the target word from the semantically related previews in all fixation measures. Results from the present study provide first evidence for semantic processing from parafoveally presented Korean words and for cross-language parafoveal semantic processing.

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“…Yen et al (2008) have shown that a word can be activated from the parafovea (also see Yang et al, 2009). However, only character-level information can be obtained from the remaining area (e.g., C3) farther in the parafovea.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These findings suggest that both character-and word-level information of the fixated stimulus can be extracted during fixation and influence eye movements. Second, a parafoveal lexicality effect has been observed (Yang, Wang, Xu, & Rayner, 2009;Yen, Tsai, Tzeng, & Hung, 2008). Masking the parafoveal word (the target) with a pseudoword consisting of real characters lengthened the subsequent target viewing durations.…”

Section: Eye Movements In Reading Chinesementioning

confidence: 97%

Usage of statistical cues for word boundary in reading Chinese sentences

et al. 2011

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The present study examined the use of statistical cues for word boundaries during Chinese reading. Participants were instructed to read sentences for comprehension with their eye movements being recorded. A two-character target word was embedded in each sentence. The contrast between the probabilities of the ending character (C2) of the target word (C12) being used as word beginning and ending in all words containing it was manipulated. In addition, by using the boundary paradigm, parafoveal overlapping ambiguity in the string C123 was manipulated with three types of preview of the character C3, which was a singlecharacter word in the identical condition. During preview, the combination of C23′ was a legal word in the ambiguous condition and was not a word in the control condition. Significant probability and preview effects were observed. In the lowprobability condition, inconsistency in the frequent within-word position (word beginning) and the present position (word ending) lengthened gaze durations and increased refixation rate on the target word. Although benefits from the identical previews were apparent, effects of overlapping ambiguity were negligible. The results suggest that the probability of within-word positions had an influence during 123Read Writ DOI 10.1007/s11145-011-9321-z character-to-word assignment, which was mainly verified during foveal processing. Thus, the overlapping ambiguity between parafoveal words did not interfere with reading. Further investigation is necessary to examine whether current computational models of eye movement control should incorporate statistical cues for word boundaries together with other linguistic factors in their word processing system to account for Chinese reading.

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Eye movements and parafoveal word processing in reading Chinese

Cited by 68 publications

References 42 publications

Parafoveal processing in reading

Parafoveal processing in reading

Cross-language parafoveal semantic processing: Evidence from Korean–Chinese bilinguals

Usage of statistical cues for word boundary in reading Chinese sentences

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