Eye Movements During Reading

Hyönä, Jukka; Kaakinen, Johanna K.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20085-5_7

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…(For reviews, see ( 8, 6 ).) In particular, Hyönä ( 9 ) found that irregular strings of letters in the beginning of a word tend to attract, or “pull” ( 10 ), the first fixation closer to the beginning of the word, and even to the space prior to the word (in comparison to the so-called preferred viewing location just left of the center of the word). Likewise, White and Liversedge ( 11, 12, 13 ) demonstrated that for misspelled words, the landing positions for incoming saccades tend to be nearer the beginning of the word.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early attraction in temporally controlled sight reading of music

Huovinen

Ylitalo

Puurtinen

2018

JEMR

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A music reader has to “look ahead” from the notes currently being played—this has usually been called the Eye-Hand Span. Given the restrictions on processing time due to tempo and meter, the Early Attraction Hypothesis suggests that sight readers are likely to locally increase the span of looking ahead in the face of complex upcoming symbols (or symbol relationships). We argue that such stimulus-driven effects on looking ahead are best studied using a measure of Eye-Time Span (ETS) which redefines looking ahead as the metrical distance between the position of a fixation in the score and another position that corresponds to the point of metrical time at fixation onset. In two experiments of temporally controlled sight reading, musicians read simple stepwise melodies that were interspersed with larger intervallic skips, supposed to create points of higher melodic complexity (and visual salience) at the notes following the skips. The results support both Early Attraction (lengthening of looking ahead) and Distant Attraction (lengthening of incoming saccades) in the face of relative melodic complexity. Notably, such effects also occurred on the notes preceding the nominally complex ones. The results suggest that saccadic control in music reading depends on temporal restrictions as well as on local variations in stimulus complexity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early attraction in temporally controlled sight reading of music

Huovinen

Ylitalo

Puurtinen

2018

JEMR

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“…One could thus presume that a balanced mix of mutual social interaction evinces a structured pattern of gaze sequences, which enables the interacting partners to read information efficiently from the face of the counterpart. In the field of reading research, there is evidence for preferred landing positions (PLP; Rayner, 1979 ) in sentence reading and of optimal viewing positions (OVP; O’Regan et al, 1984 ) in isolated word recognition (for a recent review, see Hyönä and Kaakinen, 2019 ). Given this background, the research efforts in object recognition identified similar PLPs and OVPs for optimal recognition performance ( Foulsham and Kingstone, 2013 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ADOS-Eye-Tracking: The Archimedean Point of View and Its Absence in Autism Spectrum Conditions

et al. 2021

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Face perception and emotion categorization are widely investigated under laboratory conditions that are devoid of real social interaction. Using mobile eye-tracking glasses in a standardized diagnostic setting while applying the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2), we had the opportunity to record gaze behavior of children and adolescents with and without Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASCs) during social interaction. The objective was to investigate differences in eye-gaze behavior between three groups of children and adolescents either (1) with ASC or (2) with unconfirmed diagnosis of ASC or (3) with neurotypical development (NTD) during social interaction with an adult interviewer in a diagnostic standard situation using the ADOS-2. In a case control study, we used mobile eye-tracking glasses in an ecologically valid and highly standardized diagnostic interview to investigate suspected cases of ASC. After completion of the ASC diagnostic gold standard including the ADOS-2, the participants were assigned to two groups based on their diagnosis (ASC vs. non-ASC) and compared with a matched group of neurotypically developed controls. The primary outcome measure is the percentage of total dwell times assessed for different areas of interest (AOI) with regard to the face and body of a diagnostic interviewer and the surrounding space. Overall, 65 children and adolescents within an age range of 8.3–17.9 years were included in the study. The data revealed significant group differences, especially in the central-face area. Previous investigations under laboratory conditions gave preferential attention to the eye region during face perception to describe differences between ASC and NTD. In this study – using an ecologically valid setting within a standard diagnostic procedure – the results indicate that neurotypically developed controls seem to process faces and facial expressions in a holistic manner originating from the central-face region. Conversely, participants on the Autism Spectrum (tAS) seem to avoid the central-face region and show unsystematic gaze behavior, not using the preferred landing position in the central-face region as the Archimedean point of face perception. This study uses a new approach, and it will be important to replicate these preliminary findings in future research.

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“…Saccades are rapid eye movements between fixations (Hyönä & Kaakinen, 2019; Rayner, 1998). These quick visual jumps while reading English are typically about seven to nine letter spaces, and interestingly, vision is largely suppressed during the movement.…”

Section: Eye‐tracking Measures Of Readingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, weaker readers typically make more saccades and regressions and longer fixations. According to Hyönä and Kaakinen (2019), however, “instead of being a signature of inefficient reading, as is often believed, regressions to earlier parts of text seem to be fundamental for successful comprehension” (p. 262). Figure 1 is a scan path of an adolescent reader’s text processing showing the basic eye movements, including the length of fixations as larger circles on some words and saccadic jumps to other places within the text.…”

Section: Eye‐tracking Measures Of Readingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on ongoing research (Hyönä & Kaakinen, 2019; Rayner, 1998), we describe three eye movements—fixations, saccades, and regressions—that continue to fascinate neuroscientists (Hyönä & Kaakinen, 2019; Wolf, 2018). Fixations apply to when eyes pause, remaining stable during reading to convert visual images of letters into words and assign meaning.…”

Section: Eye‐tracking Measures Of Readingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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