Eye size and shape in newborn children and their relation to axial length and refraction at 3 years

Lim, Laurence Shen; Chua, Sharon; Tan, Pei Ting; Cai, Shirong; Chong, Yap Seng; Kwek, Kenneth; Gluckman, Peter D.; Fortier, Marielle V.; Ngo, Cheryl; Qiu, Anqi; Saw, Seang‐Mei

doi:10.1111/opo.12212

Cited by 24 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The troland value of a stimulus is calculated as the product of pupil area (mm 2 ) and stimulus intensity (cd/m 2 ) (McCulloch and Hamilton, 2010). The infant’s eye size (Lim et al, 2015; Mactier et al, 2008; Munro et al, 2015) and pupil diameter are smaller than in an adult eye (Hansen and Fulton, 1993). However, the ocular media are less dense (Hansen and Fulton, 1989; Werner, 1982) than in the adult eye.…”

Section: Stimulus Specificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The neural retina in retinopathy of prematurity

Hansen

Moskowitz

Akula

et al. 2017

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

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Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a neurovascular disease that affects prematurely born infants and is known to have significant long term effects on vision. We conducted the studies described herein not only to learn more about vision but also about the pathogenesis of ROP. The coincidence of ROP onset and rapid developmental elongation of the rod photoreceptor outer segments motivated us to consider the role of the rods in this disease. We used noninvasive electroretinographic (ERG), psychophysical, and retinal imaging procedures to study the function and structure of the neurosensory retina. Rod photoreceptor and post-receptor responses are significantly altered years after the preterm days during which ROP is an active disease. The alterations include persistent rod dysfunction, and evidence of compensatory remodeling of the post-receptor retina is found in ERG responses to full-field stimuli and in psychophysical thresholds that probe small retinal regions. In the central retina, both Mild and Severe ROP delay maturation of parafoveal scotopic thresholds and are associated with attenuation of cone mediated multifocal ERG responses, significant thickening of post-receptor retinal laminae, and dysmorphic cone photoreceptors. These results have implications for vision and control of eye growth and refractive development and suggest future research directions. These results also lead to a proposal for noninvasive management using light that may add to the currently invasive therapeutic armamentarium against ROP.

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Section: Stimulus Specificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The neural retina in retinopathy of prematurity

Hansen

Moskowitz

Akula

et al. 2017

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

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“…Genetic overlap between these traits has also been shown: a higher genetic risk score of height was associated with a greater CR in 15 year old children, but has not been shown for axial length . Approximately 75% of normal ocular growth occurs intra uterine . Yet, the effect of prenatal growth, growth trajectories and up to which age body growth is associated with ocular biometry is unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth in foetal life, infancy, and early childhood and the association with ocular biometry

Tideman

Polling

Jaddoe

et al. 2019

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Background: A recent Genome-wide association meta-analysis (GWAS) of refractive error reported shared genetics with anthropometric traits such as height, BMI and obesity. To explore a potential relationship with refractive error and ocular structure we performed a life-course analysis including both maternal and child characteristics using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort. Methods: Measures collected across the life-course were analysed to explore the association of height, weight, and BMI with refractive error and ocular biometric measures at age 15 years from 1613children. The outcome measures were the mean spherical equivalent (MSE) of refractive error (dioptres), axial length (AXL; mm), and radius of corneal curvature (RCC; mm). Potential confounding variables; maternal age at conception, maternal education level, parental socioeconomic status, gestational age, breastfeeding, and gender were adjusted for within each multi-variable model.

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“…Much work has focused on the development of MRI methods for the study of the eye (Duong et al, 2008; Erb-Eigner et al, 2015; Langner et al, 2010; Lim et al, 2015; Luan et al, 2006; Norman et al, 2010). In an early study, Sawada and colleagues measured changes in axial and equatorial length in rabbit eyes after the injection of mannitol into the vitreous (Sawada et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Norman and colleagues measured scleral thickness and axial length in enucleated human eyes (Norman et al, 2010). Several studies have employed MRI to determine axial length and globe shape in both adult and pediatric patients (Erb-Eigner et al, 2015; Lim et al, 2015). MRI techniques are also well suited for studying retinal oxygenation and blood flow (Fan et al, 2015a; Luan et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-globe biomechanics using high-field MRI

Voorhees

Jan

et al. 2017

Experimental Eye Research

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The eye is a complex structure composed of several interconnected tissues acting together, across the whole globe, to resist deformation due to intraocular pressure (IOP). However, most work in the ocular biomechanics field only examines the response to IOP over smaller regions of the eye. We used high-field MRI to measure IOP induced ocular displacements and deformations over the whole globe. Seven sheep eyes were obtained from a local abattoir and imaged within 48 hours using MRI at multiple levels of IOP. IOP was controlled with a gravity perfusion system and a cannula inserted into the anterior chamber. T2-weighted imaging was performed to the eyes serially at 0 mmHg, 10 mmHg, 20 mmHg and 40 mmHg of IOP using a 9.4 Tesla MRI scanner. Manual morphometry was conducted using 3D visualization software to quantify IOP-induced effects at the globe scale (e.g. axial length and equatorial diameters) or optic nerve head scale (e.g. canal diameter, peripapillary sclera bowing). Measurement sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine measurement precision. High-field MRI revealed an outward bowing of the posterior sclera and anterior bulging of the cornea due to IOP elevation. Increments in IOP from 10 to 40 mmHg caused measurable increases in axial length in 6 of 7 eyes of 7.9±5.7% (mean±SD). Changes in equatorial diameter were minimal, 0.4±1.2% between 10 and 40 mmHg, and in all cases less than the measurement sensitivity. The effects were nonlinear, with larger deformations at normal IOPs (10–20mmHg) than at elevated IOPs (20–40mmHg). IOP also caused measurable increases in the nasal-temporal scleral canal diameter of 13.4±9.7% between 0 and 20 mmHg, but not in the superior-inferior diameter. This study demonstrates that high-field MRI can be used to visualize and measure simultaneously the effects of IOP over the whole globe, including the effects on axial length and equatorial diameter, posterior sclera displacement and bowing, and even changes in scleral canal diameter. The fact that the equatorial diameter did not change with IOP, in agreement with previous studies, indicates that a fixed boundary condition is a reasonable assumption for half globe inflation tests and computational models. Our results demonstrate the potential of high-field MRI to contribute to understanding ocular biomechanics, and specifically of the effects of IOP in large animal models.

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Eye size and shape in newborn children and their relation to axial length and refraction at 3 years

Abstract: Eyes that are larger and have prolate or spherical shapes at birth exhibit smaller increases in axial length over the first 3 years of life. Eye size and shape at birth influence subsequent eye growth but not refractive error development.

Cited by 24 publications

References 56 publications

The neural retina in retinopathy of prematurity

The neural retina in retinopathy of prematurity

Growth in foetal life, infancy, and early childhood and the association with ocular biometry

Whole-globe biomechanics using high-field MRI

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