Eye Tracking and Schizophrenia: A Selective Review

Levy, Deborah L.; Holzman, Philip S.; Matthysse, Steven; Mendell, Nancy R.

doi:10.1093/schbul/20.1.47

Cited by 158 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…Interestingly, individuals with schizophrenia have long been recognized to exhibit a variety of disturbances in motor control. For example, numerous studies have demonstrated that schizophrenic subjects display abnormalities in smooth pursuit eye movements (Holzman et al 1973;Hutton and Kennard 1998;Levy et al 1994). The fastigial nucleus, the principal target of efferents from the cerebellar vermis (Ito 1984), is activated during pursuit eye movements (Fuchs et al 1993;Vilis and Hore 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, many subjects with schizophrenia exhibit abnormalities in smooth pursuit eye movements (Holzman et al 1973;Levy et al 1994;Hutton and Kennard 1998). In addition, some of the cognitive deficits observed in individuals with schizophrenia, such as impairments in planning, verbal fluency, abstract thinking, and working memory, are present in patients with cerebellar lesions (Schmahmann and Sherman 1998).…”

Section: The Cerebellum Seems To Play a Critical Role In Many Motor Amentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tyrosine Hydroxylase- and Dopamine Transporter-Immunoreactive Axons in the Primate Cerebellum Evidence for a Lobular- and Laminar-Specific Dopamine Innervation

Melchitzky

Lewis

2000

Neuropsychopharmacology

140

112

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The cerebellum seems to play a critical role in many motor and cognitive functions, including those that are disturbed in schizophrenia. Although dopamine is known to influence the motor or cognitive functions mediated by other brain regions and to play a role in the pathophysiologyThe primary function of the cerebellum has traditionally been considered to involve the control and integration of motor processes, including the coordination of goal-directed movements and the regulation of posture (Ito 1984). However, recent evidence suggests that the cerebellum may also be important in cognitive functions (Schmahmann 1991;Kim et al. 1994). For example, neuro-imaging studies have demonstrated activation in the cerebellum during word-association tasks (Petersen and Fiez 1993), as well as during mental imagery and mental counting (Ryding et al. 1993). These cognitive aspects of the cerebellum seem to involve the lateral hemispheres and the dentate nucleus (Schmahmann 1991;Petersen and Fiez 1993;Kim et al. 1994). In con- Received May 19, 1999; revised October 18, 1999; accepted October 22, 1999. N EUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2000 -VOL . 22 , NO . 5 Dopamine Axons in Primate Cerebellum 467 trast, the medial regions of the cerebellum, such as the vermis and fastigial nucleus, are primarily associated with motor control of the trunk and head, including smooth pursuit eye movements (Ito 1984).The cerebellum has also been implicated as a site of dysfunction in schizophrenia, a disorder characterized by certain types of motor and cognitive impairments. For example, many subjects with schizophrenia exhibit abnormalities in smooth pursuit eye movements (Holzman et al. 1973;Levy et al. 1994;Hutton and Kennard 1998). In addition, some of the cognitive deficits observed in individuals with schizophrenia, such as impairments in planning, verbal fluency, abstract thinking, and working memory, are present in patients with cerebellar lesions (Schmahmann and Sherman 1998). Furthermore, studies of schizophrenic subjects have revealed reductions in cerebellar volume (Jacobsen et al. 1997;Weinberger et al. 1980), metabolism (Volkow et al. 1992, and blood flow (Steinberg et al. 1995), especially in the vermal regions. Consistent with these observations, the size of Purkinje cells has been reported to be decreased in the vermis of subjects with schizophrenia (Tran et al. 1998).Abnormalities in dopamine (DA) neurotransmission have long been considered to be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (Carlsson et al. 1997;Davis et al. 1991;Grace 1991;Snyder 1972;), and DA is known to play a critical role in the regulation of motor and cognitive functions in both cortical and subcortical structures (Goldman-Rakic 1998; Lewis and Sesack 1997). However, whether DA directly influences motor or cognitive functions at the level of the cerebellum is unclear. Historically, the cerebellum was not thought to utilize DA as a neurotransmitter, and the DA present in the cerebellum was considered to serve only as a precursor for noradrenaline. Mo...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Cerebellum Seems To Play a Critical Role In Many Motor Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Tyrosine Hydroxylase- and Dopamine Transporter-Immunoreactive Axons in the Primate Cerebellum Evidence for a Lobular- and Laminar-Specific Dopamine Innervation

Melchitzky

Lewis

2000

Neuropsychopharmacology

140

112

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“…Schizophrenia has been associated with abnormalities of smooth pursuit (Levy et al 1994) and more recently increased antisaccadic errors, which are erroneous reflexive saccades made towards a peripheral target when subjects are instructed to direct their gaze to its mirror image location (Crawford et al 1995;Fukushima et al 1990;Katsanis et al 1997;McDowell & Clementz, 1997). Both abnormal smooth pursuit and increased antisaccade errors have been found at illness onset in medication-naïve patients (Sweeney at al, 1992;Lieberman et al 1993;Hutton et al 1998) and in first-degree relatives (Holzman et al 1988;Crawford et al 1998;Ross et al 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural neural networks subserving oculomotor function in first-episode schizophrenia

Bagary

Hutton

Symms

et al. 2004

Biological Psychiatry

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“…A physiologic measure that has received attention in HR studies is eye tracking abnormality [54], which is seen in approximately 50% of adult relatives; studies of smooth pursuit eye movements in adolescent HR subjects have shown significant dysfunction compared with healthy comparison subjects [55]. Eye movement studies have shown lack of age related improvements in oculomotor delayed response performance in young HR subjects [56].…”

Section: Electrophysiologic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches for adolescents with an affected family member with schizophrenia

Diwadkar

Prasad²,

Keshavan

2004

Curr Psychiatry Rep

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Prospective studies of adolescents at risk for schizophrenia (high-risk studies) can shed light on the possible premorbid precursors of schizophrenia. Recent studies have provided evidence of neurobehavioral, brain structural, physiologic, and neurochemical deficits in adolescent nonpsychotic high-risk relatives that may date back to childhood or earlier. These results are collectively providing a critical window into the inter-relationships between genetic predisposition, neurodevelopment, and premorbid indicators of risk in schizophrenia. Convergent approaches are inherently powerful in mutually informing each other in enriching the knowledge of the risk factors that predict the eventual onset of schizophrenia. Defining such reliable predictors of the onset of schizophrenia may provide us with the tools to better understand the etiology and pathophysiology of the illness, and may pave the way for innovative methods of treatment and possibly prevention. The authors review the relevant literature in this promising field of inquiry and summarize recent findings from high-risk studies.

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Eye Tracking and Schizophrenia: A Selective Review

Cited by 158 publications

References 98 publications

Tyrosine Hydroxylase- and Dopamine Transporter-Immunoreactive Axons in the Primate Cerebellum Evidence for a Lobular- and Laminar-Specific Dopamine Innervation

Tyrosine Hydroxylase- and Dopamine Transporter-Immunoreactive Axons in the Primate Cerebellum Evidence for a Lobular- and Laminar-Specific Dopamine Innervation

Structural neural networks subserving oculomotor function in first-episode schizophrenia

Approaches for adolescents with an affected family member with schizophrenia

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