Eye-tracking in recent L2 learner process research: A review of areas, issues, and methodological approaches

A mixed methods case study on the use and impact of web-based lexicographic tools on L2 writing

“…The eye-tracker suite, Tobii T60/Studio 2.2, 2 was calibrated and used to gather data comprising of visual records (DSC) of the whole onscreen L2 writing event (13 hrs in total) with eye gaze data overlaid. This technology provides an excellent way of unobtrusively tracking moment-to-moment activity including the use of online resources (Latif, 2008(Latif, , 2019 and renders a powerful visualisation of L2 writing processes by capturing on-screen activity, recorded sound, keystrokes and mouse clicks and integrating eye gaze data. The latter was exclusively used to support the stimulated retrospective recall (SRR) and thus represents an innovative use of this technology.…”

What Can Eye Movements Tell Us about Reading in a Second Language: A Scoping Review of the Literature

“…One reason may be a lack of consensus on a methodological procedure, leading to many reading tasks and eye movement measures that are complicated to compare. Previous reviews about eye tracking have focused on methodological issues and recommendations (e.g., [9]), or have focused on linguistic processes in general (e.g., [10]), not just reading. These reviews show that standardizing eye tracking methodologies is critical to drawing insightful conclusions [9]; however, they have yet to explore other factors that might affect bilingual reading processes.…”

Visual search patterns for multilingual word search puzzles, a pilot study

“…Therefore, there is a wealth of information regarding eye movements during reading, such as the types of eye movements that are exhibited, typical duration of fixations during reading and how to determine, using gaze measures, when a reader is experiencing difficulty with the material (Rayner, 1998) as well as differences in gaze measures for bilingual readers (see Abdel Latif, 2019, for a detailed summary), including in a South African context (Dednam et al, 2014). Similarly, tracking gaze during various visual search tasks has been under investigation for many years.…”