Eye tracking in usability of electronic chart display and information system

Arslan, Ömer; Atik, Oğuz; Kahraman, Serkan

doi:10.1017/s0373463320000624

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Louw and Merat [16] demonstrated that a driver's visual attention is significantly scattered in the process of automatic driving through simulation experiments. In maritime industries, researchers have validated eye-tracking technologies in the usability of bridge layout optimal designs and bridge resource management training [17,18]. Atik and Arslan [19] presented an assessment method using eyetracking technology for electronic navigation competency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation Evaluation of Pilots’ Situation Awareness in Bridge Simulations via Eye‐Tracking Technology

Jiang

Chen

Kang

2021

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience

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To maintain situation awareness (SA) when exposed to emergencies during pilotage, a pilot needs to selectively allocate attentional resources to perceive critical status information about ships and environments. Although it is important to continuously monitor a pilot’s SA, its relationship with attention is still not fully understood in ship pilotage. This study performs bridge simulation experiments that include vessel departure, navigation in the fairway, encounters, poor visibility, and anchoring scenes with 13 pilots (mean = 11.3 and standard deviation = 1.4 of experience). Individuals were divided into two SA group levels based on the Situation Awareness Rating Technology (SART-2) score (mean = 20.13 and standard deviation = 5.83) after the experiments. The visual patterns using different SA groups were examined using heat maps and scan paths based on pilots’ fixations and saccade data. The preliminary visual analyses of the heat maps and scan paths indicate that the pilots’ attentional distribution is modulated by the SA level. That is, the most concerning areas of interest (AOIs) for pilots in the high and low SA groups are outside the window (AOI-2) and electronic charts (AOI-1), respectively. Subsequently, permutation simulations were utilized to identify statistical differences between the pilots’ eye-tracking metrics and SA. The results of the statistical analyses show that the fixation and saccade metrics are affected by the SA level in different AOIs across the five scenes, which confirms the findings of previous studies. In encounter scenes, the pilots’ SA level is correlated with the fixation and saccade metrics: fixation count ( p = 0.034 < 0.05 in AOI-1 and p = 0.032 < 0.05 in AOI-2), fixation duration ( p = 0.043 < 0.05 in AOI-1 and p = 0.014 < 0.05 in AOI-2), and saccade count ( p = 0.086 < 0.1 in AOI-1 and p = 0.054 < 0.1 in AOI-2). This was determined by the fixation count ( p = 0.024 < 0.05 in AOI-1 and p = 0.034 < 0.05 in AOI-2), fixation duration ( p = 0.036 < 0.05 in AOI-1 and p = 0.047 < 0.05 in AOI-2), and saccade duration ( p = 0.05 ≤ 0.05 in AOI-1 and p = 0.042 < 0.05 in AOI-2) in poor-visibility scenes. In the remaining scenes, the SA could not be measured using eye movements alone. This study lays a foundation for the cognitive mechanism recognition of pilots based on SA via eye-tracking technology, which provides a reference to establish cognitive competency standards in preliminary pilot screenings.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation Evaluation of Pilots’ Situation Awareness in Bridge Simulations via Eye‐Tracking Technology

Jiang

Chen

Kang

2021

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience

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“…Thankfully, this is now an important research topic in our area. In this issue of the Journal of Navigation , Arslan et al (2020) look at the usability of electronic chart display and information systems (ECDIS), which is one of the major components of ships’ bridge navigation systems. They studied eye movement data, collected from experienced port pilots operating on three different models of ECDIS, and found a significant difference between the participant port pilots and expert users.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inclusivity and diversity of navigation services

Basiri

2021

J. Navigation

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“…Recently, observation of eye movements during visual search is carried out to investigate cognitive processes (Rayner 2009). In the field of aviation and voyage, there are some examples in which eye movement was used as a usability evaluation tool to evaluate the usefulness of electronic maps and charts (Ottati et al 1999;Arslan et al 2020). Watson et al (2010) examined the relevance between strategy instructions for visual search and the eye movements made during search and recommended adopting a passive cognitive strategy to make visual search more efficient.…”

Section: Methods Of Cognitive Task Analysis For Vts Operators At Different Levels Of Abilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of training method for vessel traffic service based on cognitive process

2021

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Vessel traffic service (VTS) is important to protect the safety of maritime traffic. Along with the expansion of monitoring area per VTS operator in Tokyo Bay, Japan, inexperienced operators must acquire the ability to quickly and accurately detect conditions that requires attention (CRAs) from a monitoring screen. In our previous study (Song B, Itoh H, Kawamura Y, Fukuto J (2018) Analysis of Cognitive Processes of Operators of Vessel Traffic Service. In: Proceedings of the 2018 International Association of Institutes of Navigation. IAIN 2018, pp 529–534, Song et al., J Jpn Inst Navig 140:48–54, 2019), we established a task analysis method based on the assumption that the cognitive process model consists of three stages: “situational awareness”, “situation judgment”, and “decision making”. A simulation experiment was conducted for VTS operators with different levels of ability and their cognitive processes were compared based on the observation of eye movements. The results showed that the inexperienced operators’ abilities to predict situation changes were lower. And it was considered that oral transmission of the knowledge is difficult, thus new training methods are needed to help the inexperienced operators to understand the prediction methods of experienced operators. In this study, based on the cognitive process of an experienced operator, we analyzed the prediction procedures of situation changes and developed an educational tool called vessel traffic routine (VTR). The training method learning VTR aims to quickly improve inexperienced VTS operators’ abilities to predict situation changes. A simulation verification experiment of the VTR effect was conducted for four inexperienced operators, who were divided into two groups with and without prior explanation of VTR. By evaluating the cognitive processes of inexperienced operators, it was confirmed that those given prior explanations of VTR were better at detecting CRAs.

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Eye tracking in usability of electronic chart display and information system

Cited by 19 publications

References 23 publications

Correlation Evaluation of Pilots’ Situation Awareness in Bridge Simulations via Eye‐Tracking Technology

Correlation Evaluation of Pilots’ Situation Awareness in Bridge Simulations via Eye‐Tracking Technology

Inclusivity and diversity of navigation services

Development of training method for vessel traffic service based on cognitive process

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