Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice

Duchowski, Andrew T.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-3750-4

Cited by 1,492 publications

(1,603 citation statements)

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“…Applications of the methodology need not be limited to free-response data. For example, in eye-movement studies (23) it is common to assign an acceptance "angle" criterion, and regard a fixation closer than, for example, 2.5° of visual angle from a lesion center as evidence that the observer "found" the lesion (38). This work could be used to perform a statistical classification of fixations without having to adopt an arbitrary acceptance angle criterion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Localization Accuracy of Radiologists in Free-Response Studies: Inferring Perceptual FROC Curves from Mark-Rating Data

2007

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Free-response data consists of a set of mark-ratings pairs. Prior to analysis the data is classified or "scored" into lesion and non-lesion localizations. The scoring is done by choosing an acceptanceradius and classifying marks within the acceptance-radius of lesion centers as lesion localizations, and all other marks are classified as non-lesion localizations. The scored data is plotted as a freeresponse receiver operating characteristic (FROC) curve, essentially a plot of appropriately normalized numbers of lesion localizations vs. non-lesion localizations. Scored FROC curves are frequently used to compare imaging systems and computer aided detection (CAD) algorithms. However, the choice of acceptance-radius is arbitrary. This makes it difficult to compare curves from different studies and to estimate true performance. To resolve this issue the concept of two types of marks is introduced: perceptual hits and perceptual misses. A perceptual hit is a mark made in response to the observer seeing the lesion. A perceptual miss is a mark made in response to the observer seeing a (lesion-like) non-lesion. A method of estimating the most probable numbers of perceptual hits and misses is described. This allows one to plot a perceptual FROC operating point and by extension a perceptual FROC curve. Unlike a scored FROC operating point, a perceptual point is independent of the choice of acceptance-radius. The method does not allow one to identify individual marks as perceptual hits or misses -only the most probable numbers. It is based on a 3-parameter statistical model of the spatial distributions of perceptual hits and misses relative to lesion centers. The method has been applied to an observer dataset in which mammographers, and residents with different levels of experience were asked to locate lesions in mammograms. The perceptual operating points suggest superior performance for the mammographers and equivalent performance for residents in the first and second mammography rotations. These results and the model validation are preliminary as they are based on a small dataset. The significance of this study is showing that it is possible to probabilistically determine if a mark resulted from seeing a lesion or a nonlesion. Using the method developed in this study one could perform acceptance-radius independent estimation of observer performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Localization Accuracy of Radiologists in Free-Response Studies: Inferring Perceptual FROC Curves from Mark-Rating Data

2007

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“…Eye movements can be expressed as 'fixations' and 'saccades' (Duchowski, 2007;Holmqvist, et al, 2011). Fixations occur when the eyes rest for a short moment and visual information is gathered, and saccades are fast eye movements between fixations (Duchowski, 2007;Holmqvist, et al, 2011).…”

Section: Eye-tracking Apparatus and Measurements In The Labmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fixations occur when the eyes rest for a short moment and visual information is gathered, and saccades are fast eye movements between fixations (Duchowski, 2007;Holmqvist, et al, 2011). The measurement used in the current investigation is observation count, which is the aggregated number of times an area has been observed.…”

Section: Eye-tracking Apparatus and Measurements In The Labmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unsold is unseen … or is it? Examining the role of peripheral vision in the consumer choice process using eye-tracking methodology

2018

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a b s t r a c tIn visual marketing, the truism that "unseen is unsold" means that products that are not noticed will not be sold. This truism rests on the idea that the consumer choice process is heavily influenced by visual search. However, given that the majority of available products are not seen by consumers, this article examines the role of peripheral vision in guiding attention during the consumer choice process. In two eye-tracking studies, one conducted in a lab facility and the other conducted in a supermarket, the authors investigate the role and limitations of peripheral vision. The results show that peripheral vision is used to direct visual attention when discriminating between target and non-target objects in an eyetracking laboratory. Target and non-target similarity, as well as visual saliency of non-targets, constitute the boundary conditions for this effect, which generalizes from instruction-based laboratory tasks to preference-based choice tasks in a real supermarket setting. Thus, peripheral vision helps customers to devote a larger share of attention to relevant products during the consumer choice process. Taken together, the results show how the creation of consideration set (sets of possible choice options) relies on both goal-directed attention and peripheral vision. These results could explain how visually similar packaging positively influences market leaders, while making novel brands almost invisible on supermarket shelves. The findings show that even though unsold products might be unseen, in the sense that they have not been directly observed, they might still have been evaluated and excluded by means of peripheral vision. This article is based on controlled lab experiments as well as a field study conducted in a complex retail environment. Thus, the findings are valid both under controlled and ecologically valid conditions.

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“…This enabled analysis of where they were looking 182 when a decision was made. Based upon the 'eye mind hypothesis' the assumption was 183 that gaze fixation is normally the focus of thought (Duchowski, 2007). …”

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confidence: 99%

Developing situation awareness amongst nursing and paramedicine students utilizing eye tracking technology and video debriefing techniques: A proof of concept paper

O’Meara

Munro

Williams

et al. 2015

International Emergency Nursing

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Developing situation awareness amongst nursing and paramedicine students utilizing eye tracking technology and video debriefing techniques: a proof of concept paper, International Emergency Nursing (2014), http://dx.doi.org/doi: 10.1016/j.ienj.2014.11.001. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 24• High-level situational awareness can be improved through simulation. 25• Participants' post-course ratings of their skills, competence and confidence improved. 26• Eye tracking and point of view recording techniques can benefit performance. 27• Participants placed a high value on the video debriefing. 28• Visual field review techniques may enhance the use of realistic simulated practice. 30 31Abstract 32 33Objective 34The aims of this quasi-experimental before-and-after study were to first determine 35 whether the use of eye tracking technology combined with video debriefing techniques 36 has the potential to improve the quality of feedback and enhance situation awareness 37 (SA) in simulated settings and second to determine students' satisfaction towards 38 simulated learning. 39

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Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice

Cited by 1,492 publications

References 0 publications

Spatial Localization Accuracy of Radiologists in Free-Response Studies: Inferring Perceptual FROC Curves from Mark-Rating Data

Spatial Localization Accuracy of Radiologists in Free-Response Studies: Inferring Perceptual FROC Curves from Mark-Rating Data

Unsold is unseen … or is it? Examining the role of peripheral vision in the consumer choice process using eye-tracking methodology

Developing situation awareness amongst nursing and paramedicine students utilizing eye tracking technology and video debriefing techniques: A proof of concept paper

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