Eyeblink‐related areas in human cerebellum as shown by fMRI

Dimitrova, Albena; Weber, W.; Maschke, Matthias; Elles, Hans-Gerd; Kolb, Florian P.; Forsting, Michael; Diener, Hans‐Christoph; Timmann, Dagmar

doi:10.1002/hbm.10056

Cited by 59 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Other studies have implicated the posterior cerebellar cortex in CR acquisition, but with a limited role in the timing of the CR (e.g., Attwell, Rahman, and Yeo, 2001). These findings in rabbits have been supported in humans using positron emission tomography (Logan and Grafton, 1995;Blaxton et al, 1996) and functional MRI (Ramnani et al, 2000;Dimitrova et al, 2002). Clinically, insults to the cerebellum have been shown to markedly impair acquisition of the conditioned eyeblink response (Daum et al, 1993;Woodruff-Pak et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Cerebellum volume and eyeblink conditioning in schizophrenia

Edwards

Newman

Bismark

et al. 2008

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging

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Although accumulating evidence suggests that cerebellar abnormalities may be linked to the symptoms and course of schizophrenia, few studies have related structural and functional indices of cerebellar integrity. The present study examined the relationship between the volume of specific subregions of the cerebellum and cerebellar function, as measured by eyeblink conditioning. Nine individuals with schizophrenia and six healthy comparison participants completed structural magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and a delay eyeblink conditioning procedure. Volumetric measurements were taken for the whole brain, whole cerebellum, cerebellar anterior lobules I-V and posterior lobules VI-VII. The schizophrenia group had smaller cerebellar anterior lobes and exhibited impaired eyeblink conditioning compared to the comparison group. In the comparison group, larger anterior volume correlated with earlier conditioned response onset latencies and increased amplitudes of the unconditioned blink response during paired trials (i.e., when the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli co-occurred). The findings that smaller anterior cerebellar volumes and EBC impairments were associated with schizophrenia are consistent with non-human studies showing that anterior cerebellar abnormalities are associated with associative deficits in delay eyeblink conditioning. The lack of a significant correlation between indices of eyeblink conditioning and cerebellar volume within the schizophrenic group suggests an aberrant relationship between cerebellar structure and function.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Cerebellum volume and eyeblink conditioning in schizophrenia

Edwards

Newman

Bismark

et al. 2008

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging

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“…Several previous studies have reported that the cerebellar vermis and cerebellar hemisphere were activated during horizontal eye movement (Stephan et al 2002;Hüfner et al 2008) and blinking (Van Eimeren et al 2001;Dimitrova et al 2002). According to these reports, the area that was activated by horizontal eye movement almost overlapped with the area activated by lid movement.…”

Section: Cerebellummentioning

confidence: 91%

The Pre-Supplementary and Primary Motor Areas Generate Rhythm for Voluntary Eye Opening and Closing Movements

Suzuki

Kiyosawa

Mochizuki

et al. 2010

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Blinking and opening/closing of the eyelid are considered to be different movements with independent control mechanisms. Apraxia of lid opening (ALO) is a clinical syndrome in which patients experience difficulty in opening their eyes voluntarily. Our previous study with fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography (PET) has suggested that functional impairments in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the anterior cingulate gyrus may be involved in the pathophysiology of ALO. The aim of this study was to explore the physiological mechanisms for voluntary eyelid opening/closing and the difference between self-initiated and triggered movements, using [15 O]H 2 O and PET. We measured the regional cerebral blood flow in 8 healthy subjects under 3 conditions: [A] at rest with eyes closed, [B] with self-paced lid opening/closing, and [C] with triggered lid opening/closing. All tasks were done with a blindfold to exclude the influence of visual input. The SMA proper and the angular gyrus were activated during self-paced and triggered lid opening/closing movements; however, the pre-SMA and the primary motor area (M1) were activated only during self-paced movements. The anterior cingulate gyrus and the cerebellum were activated during self-paced condition over triggered condition. The roles of SMA, M1 and cerebellum were assumed in eyelid opening/closing movements: the preparation and processing of movements in SMA, execution of movements in M1, and rhythmic generation in pre-SMA, M1 and cerebellum. We suggest that the activation in pre-SMA, anterior cingulate gyrus, and cerebellum may be responsible for the self-initiated eyelid opening/closing movements.

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“…According to the learning theories of Albus and Marr [34,35] , it seemed reasonable that plasticity could be generated in the unilateral cerebellum contralateral to the stimulated side of the US during the unilateral EBCC. Up to now, there some data have indirectly suggested the existence of this contralateral plasticity [10][11][12][13][14][15] . Moreover, there are anatomical pathways through which the unilateral cerebellum could control bilateral eyeblink responses.…”

Section: Role Of the Contralateral Cerebellum In The Acquisition Of Umentioning

confidence: 93%

“…To test whether any learning had occurred during these inactivation sessions, training was continued for six more sessions without inactivation. On session 5, the second session without inactivation, the CR incidence, CR peak amplitude and CR onset latency of the L-MSC guinea pigs were indistinguishable from those of the control animals on session 2 [Incidence: t (15) These results indicated that (1) significant acquisition of the left CRs occurred during these training sessions in either group and (2) during the 'equivalent normal session 2 to 7', the L-MSC animals exhibited the same incidence, peak amplitude, and onset latency of left CR as those of the control animals during sessions 2 to 7. On session 11, microinjections of muscimol into the left (Figures 3 and 4).…”

Section: Left Cr Acquisition In the L-msc Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, increased expression of learning-related genes was observed in both sides of the cerebellum in mice [12] , which further supports the notion that some degree of plasticity occurs in the cerebellum contralateral to the applied side of the US. Several positron-emission tomography (PET) studies, as well as a single functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in humans, have also shown significant changes in bilateral cerebellar activity during the acquisition of unilateral EBCC [13][14][15] , indicating that plasticity occurring in the contralateral cerebellum might exist in various mammalian species. However, at this time, it remains unclear (1) whether the plasticity occurring in the contralateral cerebellum is involved in the acquisition of unilateral EBCC and, if so, (2) what importance contralateral involvement has relative to ipsilateral involvement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Involvement of the ipsilateral and contralateral cerebellum in the acquisition of unilateral classical eyeblink conditioning in guinea pigs

Lin

Huang

et al. 2009

Acta Pharmacol Sin

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Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative contributions of the ipsilateral and contralateral cerebellum to the acquisition of unilateral classical eyeblink conditioning (EBCC). Methods: The unilateral EBCC was achieved using a binaural tone conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a left airpuff unconditioned stimulus (US). A high-resolution potentiometer was used to monitor eyeblink responses. Guinea pigs received one CS-US session followed by three CS-US sessions (sessions 2 to 4), during which microinjections of muscimol, a GABA A receptor agonist, were performed to reversibly inactivate the cerebellum unilaterally prior to training. To test whether any learning had occurred during these inactivation sessions, training was continued for six more CS-US sessions (sessions 5 to 10) without any inactivation. Results: Animals with inactivation of the left cerebellum had no signs of left conditioned response (CR) during sessions 2 to 4, and their CR acquisition during sessions 5 to 10 was not distinguishable from that of control animals during sessions 2 to 7. In contrast, animals with inactivation of the right cerebellum acquired left CRs during sessions 2 to 4, although their CR acquisition was significantly retarded during session 2. In addition, microinjections of muscimol into the right cerebellum did not affect left neuro-behavioral activity. Finally, microinjections of muscimol into either the left or the right cerebellum did not affect the performance of tone-airpuff evoked unconditioned response (UR). Conclusion: In contrast to the essential role of the ipsilateral cerebellum, the contralateral cerebellum is potentially involved in the acquisition of unilateral EBCC during the early stage of training.

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Eyeblink‐related areas in human cerebellum as shown by fMRI

Cited by 59 publications

References 79 publications

Cerebellum volume and eyeblink conditioning in schizophrenia

Cerebellum volume and eyeblink conditioning in schizophrenia

The Pre-Supplementary and Primary Motor Areas Generate Rhythm for Voluntary Eye Opening and Closing Movements

Involvement of the ipsilateral and contralateral cerebellum in the acquisition of unilateral classical eyeblink conditioning in guinea pigs

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