eyeLook

Comparing Dwell time, Pursuits and Gaze Gestures for Gaze Interaction on Handheld Mobile Devices

“…It has been classified in prior work into two main categories: 1) Implicit gaze-based interaction, in which the interface adapts to the users' passive gaze behaviour. This approach is often used in attentive user interfaces [13,20,40] and in security applications [5,14,59,62] especially biometric authentication [74]; and 2) Explicit gaze-based interaction, where users deliberately move their eyes to provide direct input. Our work focuses on explicit gaze-based interaction on handheld mobile devices.…”

“…In their review of gaze-enabled handheld mobile devices, Khamis et al [43] argued that this brings a myriad of opportunities, such as gaze-based interaction on the move and inthe-wild analysis of gaze behaviour on mobile devices. Applications of this include improving interaction on mobile devices [16,20,21], security applications [42] including authentication [48] and privacy protection [9,72,83], as well as in-the-wild gaze behaviour analysis [5,6,80]. On the downside, eye tracking on mobile devices comes with a unique set of challenges.…”

The past, present, and future of gaze-enabled handheld mobile devices

“…The first works to explore eye tracking on handheld mobile devices overcame the hardware limitations in different ways. Some augmented the user by having participants wear a headmounted eye tracker [35,75,87], while others augmented the device either by building their own hardware [24,111,85] or by using remote commercial eye trackers [25,86].…”

Face and Emotion Recognition on Commercial Property under EU Data Protection Law

“…The literature has already established that objective emotion responses can be captured using the AFRS with near‐human accuracy rates (88% average recognition rate; Lewinski, den Uyl, & Butler, ) or even better than humans under some circumstances (Lewinski, ). This is important, because while mobile eye‐tracking glasses have so far proven useful for measuring how consumer attention is captured (Bulling & Gellersen, ), until recently nothing similar has existed for facial tracking (unless obtrusive head‐mounted cameras were used; Dickie, Vertegaal, Sohn, & Cheng, ). Researchers and retailers may capture facial expressions through ordinary industrial CCTV, but due to the camera's location, and hence low image quality, measurements via this system are not ideal.…”