Eyes wide open: exploring men’s and women’s self-reported and physiological reactions to threat and crime

Noon, Michelle Sarah; Beaudry, Jennifer L.; Schier, Mark; Knowles, Ann

doi:10.1007/s11292-019-09353-6

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…First, in line with the original study, female participants attributed more negative valence ratings to angry facial expressions compared to men. Despite the fact that females are less likely to be victims of crime than males, females experience higher levels of fear of criminal victimisation (for a review, see Noon et al, 2019). From an evolutionary perspective, higher levels of fear in females may be due to their increased sensitivity to aggressive cues in their environment which may endanger their offspring (Kruger et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to the evolutionary explanations, the social perspective puts the emphasis on socialisation practices experienced by females. As discussed in Noon et al (2019), females are socialised to develop an enhanced fear of victimisation through their personal experiences of harassment as well as safety messages that target them. From a social perspective, females' heightened sensitivity to angry faces may be a result of gender socialisation and perceived vulnerability to victimisation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social emotional processes during the third wave of COVID‐19: Results from a close replication study in a Turkish sample

Altaytaş,

Armagan,

Gulpinar

et al. 2023

Int J Psychol

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Until recently, for almost 3 years, we used face masks to protect against COVID‐19. Face masks disrupted our perception of socially relevant information, and impacted our social judgements as a result of the new social norms around wearing masks imposed by the pandemic. To shed light on such pandemic‐induced changes in social emotional processes, Calbi et al. analysed data from an Italian sample collected in Spring 2020. They assessed valence, social distance and physical distance ratings for neutral, happy and angry male and female faces covered with a scarf or a mask. A year later, we used the same stimuli to investigate the same measures in a Turkish sample. We found that females attributed more negative valence ratings than males to angry faces, and that angry and neutral faces of females were rated more negatively than those of males. Scarf stimuli were evaluated more negatively in terms of valence. Participants attributed greater distance to more negative faces (angry > neutral > happy) and to scarf than the mask stimuli. Also, females attributed greater social and physical distance than males. These results may be explained by gender‐stereotypic socialisation processes, and changes in people's perception of health behaviours during the pandemic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social emotional processes during the third wave of COVID‐19: Results from a close replication study in a Turkish sample

Altaytaş,

Armagan,

Gulpinar

et al. 2023

Int J Psychol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This could be related to similar gender differences in affective processing that have been documented in the literature. For example, female participants have been found to be more responsive to stimuli with a negative valence ( Wrase et al, 2003 ; Kemp et al, 2004 ; Noon et al, 2019 ; Costa et al, 2022 ). In Kemp et al (2004) , participants were required to rate how unpleasant/pleasant an image was after viewing one of the negative, positive, or neutral images (from the International Affective Picture System, IAPS) on each trial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Well under control: Control demand changes are sufficient for metacontrol

Kang

Chiu

2022

Front. Psychol.

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Metacontrol arises from the efficient retrieval of cognitive control by environmental cues that are predictive of the upcoming control demands. Previous studies have demonstrated that proactive and reactive metacontrol can be indexed by a list-wide switch probability (LWSP) and an item-specific switch probability (ISSP) effect, respectively. However, what triggers metacontrol in the first place has not been clearly articulated. While a “mere-experience” hypothesis attributes metacontrol to changes in control demands, an “affective-signaling” hypothesis suggests that high control demands are aversive and aversiveness drives metacontrol. In two experiments, we adjudicated between these hypotheses by considering the modes of metacontrol (proactive vs. reactive) and temporal dynamics of background valence (sustained vs. transient and positive vs. negative). We induced metacontrol (proactive or reactive) in a task-switching paradigm and created background valence by using positive and negative images as stimuli. With valence being an irrelevant aspect of the task, the design allows us to test whether (task-irrelevant) background valence would modulate metacontrol. While we were able to replicate the LWSP effect in Experiment 1 and the ISSP effect in Experiment 2, we did not find valence modulating either effect, regardless of the background valence being a sustained (Experiment 1) or a transient one (Experiment 2). These findings together suggest that negative valence (i.e., aversiveness) does not necessarily benefit metacontrol, and control demand variations are sufficient to induce metacontrol.

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“…In contrast, new methodologies that account for fear in real-time will open up avenues of research that are currently under-exploited, as pointed out in a recent studies on physiological measures associated with fear of crime experiences (Castro-Toledo, Perea-García, Bautista-Ortuño, & Mitkidis, 2017, Noon et al, 2019, app-based studies (Solymosi, Buil-Gil, Vozmediano & Guedes, 2019), among others (see https://fearofcrime.shinyapps.io/Fear_of_crime_research_map/)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear of Cybercrime. An Experimental Study on the Mismatches between Self-Reported and Physiological Measures in a Simulated Cyberattack Environment

Toledo¹,

Esteve²,

Miró-Llinares³

2019

Preprint

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Fear of crime has been one of the most compelling scientific phenomena since the 60s. Its scope has traditionally been limited to assess this emotional experience predominantly in physical space. However, studies on fear of crime experiences are gradually increasing in this new area of criminal opportunity, which is cyberspace. The aim of this paper is to analyze, in real time, the fear of crime dynamics elicited from a simulation of cyber-attack by malware infection. To meet this aim, our design and results will be explained from a study carried out with the participation of a sample of university students from the Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (Spain) in 2018. Design is as innovative as challenging, since it involves collecting physiological measurements associated in the psychophysiological literature to the experiences of fear as a way of complementing traditional analyzes based on self-reports, as well as to detect possible mismatches between both types of data.

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Eyes wide open: exploring men’s and women’s self-reported and physiological reactions to threat and crime

Cited by 10 publications

References 128 publications

Social emotional processes during the third wave of COVID‐19: Results from a close replication study in a Turkish sample

Social emotional processes during the third wave of COVID‐19: Results from a close replication study in a Turkish sample

Well under control: Control demand changes are sufficient for metacontrol

Fear of Cybercrime. An Experimental Study on the Mismatches between Self-Reported and Physiological Measures in a Simulated Cyberattack Environment

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