Eyewitness identification of children: Effects of absolute judgments, nonverbal response options, and event encoding.

Beal, Carole R.; Schmitt, Kelly L.; Dekle, Dawn J.

doi:10.1007/bf01499325

Cited by 65 publications

(88 citation statements)

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“…A number of techniques have been investigated by researchers in an attempt to reduce false identifications for child witnesses they include; sequential lineups Parker & Ryan, 1993;Pozzulo & Lindsay, 1998), elimination lineups (Humphries et al, 2012;Pozzulo & Balfour, 2006;Pozzulo, Dempsey, & Gascoigne, 2009;Pozzulo & Lindsay, 1999), practice lineups (Goodman, Bottoms, Schwarz-Kenney, & Rudy, 1991;Parker & Ryan, 1993), and providing an additional response (Beal et al, 1995;Davies, Tarrant, & Flin, 1989;Dunlevy & Cherryman, 2013;Havard & Memon, 2013;Karageorge & Zajac, 2011;Zajac & Karageorge, 2009). The various methods will now be described in more detail below.…”

Section: Methods To Increase Accuracy For Target Absent Lineupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it has also been suggested that children's difficulties on target-absent lineups may relate to the social and task demands . It has been proposed that, when presented with a lineup, witnesses assume that the perpetrator must be within the group (Gross & Hayne, 1996), exerting an implicit pressure to select that adults have greater capacity to resist than children (Beal, Schmitt & Dekle, 1995;Ceci, Ross, & Toglia, 1987). Children may also be more likely to choose from a lineup, and therefore, they may be more likely to guess and use a more liberal decision criterion, as compared to adults (Parker & Carranza 1989).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Are children less reliable at making visual identifications than adults? A review

Havard

2013

Psychology, Crime & Law

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The current paper reviews research that has investigated developmental differences in lineup identification. A wealth of studies have shown that children can be as accurate as adults when making a correct identification from a target present lineup (TP), however children are more inclined to choose and thereby make a false identification from a target absent (TA) lineup, as compared to adults. The literature reviewed, suggests that the disparity between children's and adult's performances on TA lineups is due to children being unable to resist the social demands to choose someone from a lineup and/or the need to give a positive response. Employing a silhouette within a lineup, that can be chosen if the target is not recognised, appears to be the most successful technique for reducing false identifications made by child witnesses. Including a silhouette as a part of a lineup, along with the lineup administrator being attired in casual clothing, rather than a uniform, are two simple measures that could make child witness identification evidence more reliable.

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Section: Methods To Increase Accuracy For Target Absent Lineupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Are children less reliable at making visual identifications than adults? A review

Havard

2013

Psychology, Crime & Law

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“…a lineup containing only innocent persons), children are significantly more likely than adults to incorrectly identify someone as the perpetrator (Beal, Schmitt, & Dekle, 1995;Davies, 1996;Dekle, Beal, Elliott, & Huneycutt, 1996;Parker & Carranza, 1989;Parker & Ryan, 1993;Pozzulo & Balfour, 2006;Pozzulo & Dempsey, 2006). By adolescence (10-14 years), some research indicates that identification accuracy in target-absent lineups reaches adult levels Pozzulo & Warren, 2003, Experiment 2; for reviews, see, Havard, 2013: Pozzulo, 2007Pozzulo & Lindsay, 1998).…”

Section: Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis Of Age-related Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers have proposed that the mere presentation of a lineup may suggest to a child that the perpetrator is present in the lineup, and therefore, that a positive identification has to be made (Ceci, Ross, & Toglia, 1987;Gross & Hayne, 1996). Children may also feel more social pressure to positively identify a face and feel greater reluctance to declare uncertainty compared to adults (Beal, et al, 1995;King & Yuille, 1987;Ricci, Beal, & Dekle, 1996). Children may also be less aware of the consequences of making a false identification (Brewer, Weber, & Semmler, 2005;Dekle, et al, 1996;Spring, Saltzstein, & Peach, 2013).…”

Section: Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis Of Age-related Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

Receiver operating characteristic analysis of age-related changes in lineup performance

Humphries

Flowe

2015

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

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In the basic face memory literature, support has been found for the late maturation hypothesis, which holds that face recognition ability is not fully developed until at least adolescence. Support for the late maturation hypothesis in the criminal lineup identification literature, however, has been equivocal, because of the analytic approach that has been used to examine age-related changes in identification performance. Recently, Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) analysis was applied for the first time in the adult eyewitness memory literature to examine whether memory sensitivity differs across different types of lineup tests (Gronlund et al. 2012;Mickes, Flowe, & Wixted, 2012). ROC analysis allows for the separation of memory sensitivity from response bias in the analysis of recognition data. Here, we make the first ROC-based comparison of adults' and children's (5-6 years and 9-10 years) memory performance on lineups by reanalysing data from Humphries, Holliday, & Flowe 3 (2012). In line with the late maturation hypothesis, memory sensitivity was significantly greater for adults compared to young children. Memory sensitivity for older children was similar to adults. The results indicate that the late maturation hypothesis can be generalized to account for age-related performance differences on an eyewitness memory task. The implications for developmental eyewitness memory research are discussed.

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“…Nevertheless, 9 per cent of subjects confirmed different photos in two trials, ie confirmed two different photos as the target, and 3 per cent confirmed three different photos in three trials. Such behaviour suggests they chose a photo based on the relative simiiarit^ rather than the absolute judgment (Beal, Schmitt and Dekle, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Repeated Photographic Identification and Time Delay on the Accuracy of the Final Photographic Identification and the Rating of Memory

Naka

Itsukushima²,

Itoh³

et al. 2002

International Journal of Police Science & Management

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Makiko Naka, the editor of this issue, is a cognitive and developmental psychologist in Japan. She is an associate professor of Tokyo Metropolitan University. She has a broad interest in memory and language and has published papers in English and Japanese on eyewitness testimony, mother-child communication, and effect of writing on memory, Her main research interest now is eyewitness testimony and child interviews. Itsukushima Yukio is a cognitive psychologist in Japan. He is a professor of Nihon University in Tokyo. He studies the impact of emotion on memory performance in the context of eyewitness identification. Yuji ltoh is a cognitive psychologist in Japan. He is a professor at Keio University in Tokyo. He is interested in memory for faces, and studies the verbal overshadowing effect on face recognition. Satoshi Hara is a forensic psychologist in Japan. He is a professor at Surugadai University in Saitama. His research interest is the contentbased criteria analysis of testimony and confession. ABSTRACTIn the historically well-krrown case of Teiyirr Jiken (the case of imperial Bank), eyewitnesses were presented with a large number of photos repeatedly, during a six-month investigation, before they finally identified a suspect. In this paper, by partially modelling their study on the investigation after Teigiu liken, the authors examine the possibly negative effect of repeated photo identification (RPI) and time delay on memory for a face, and subjects' ratings of the state of memory and confidence. Undergraduates participated in a staged event followed by a delay with or without RPI, and then the final photo identification. The results showed a cumulative effect of RPI and time delay. In particular, subjects with RPI were less accurate in the final photo identification, and their ratings of the state Of memory and confidence were less calibrated to accuracy.

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Eyewitness identification of children: Effects of absolute judgments, nonverbal response options, and event encoding.

Cited by 65 publications

References 35 publications

Are children less reliable at making visual identifications than adults? A review

Are children less reliable at making visual identifications than adults? A review

Receiver operating characteristic analysis of age-related changes in lineup performance

The Effect of Repeated Photographic Identification and Time Delay on the Accuracy of the Final Photographic Identification and the Rating of Memory

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