“…Untethered, controllable, mobile microrobots with the ability to navigate into spaces at the microscale and below have been proposed for numerous applications, especially in manufacturing, biology, and medicine. The last 2 decades have seen tremendous effort in microrobotic development because of their potential to radically improve the efficacy of numerous tasks, such as targeted drug delivery, cleaning clogged arteries, cell sorting, biopsy (Jin et al, 2020), cell manipulation (Kim et al, 2013;Steager et al, 2013;Villa et al, 2018a;Hu et al, 2019), microsurgery (Vyskočil et al, 2020), and mixing of particles (Yigit et al, 2019). In addition, due to their small size, microrobots are uniquely suited for manipulating microscale parts to realize low-cost micro-assembly operations (Takahashi et al, 2016;Foroutan, 2018).…”