Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction Explained

Abstract

Abstract:The theory and working principle of fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) is presented. FPSE innovatively integrates the benefits of sol-gel coating technology and the rich surface chemistry of cellulose/polyester/fiberglass fabrics, resulting in a microextraction device with very high sorbent loading in the form of an ultra-thin coating. This porous sorbent coating and the permeable substrate synergistically facilitate fast extraction equilibrium. The flexibility of the FPSE device allows its direct insertion into original, unmodified samples of different origin. Strong chemical bonding between the sol-gel sorbent and the fabric substrate permits the exposure of FPSE devices to any organic solvent for analyte back-extraction/elution. As a representative sorbent, sol-gel poly(ethylene glycol) coating was generated on cellulose substrates. Five (cm 2 ) segments of these coated fabrics were used as the FPSE devices for sample preparation using direct immersion mode. An important class of environmental pollutants-substituted phenols-was used as model compounds to evaluate the extraction performance of FPSE. The high primary contact surface area (PCSA) of the FPSE device and porous structure of the sol-gel coatings resulted in very high sample capacities and incredible extraction sensitivities in a relatively short period of time. Different extraction parameters were evaluated and optimized. The new extraction devices demonstrated part per trillion level detection limits for substitute phenols, a wide range of detection linearity, and good performance reproducibility.

Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction: Current State of the Art and Future Perspectives

“…The FPSE technique was applied to determine substituted phenols in water samples followed by HPLC-UV detection [2]. These compounds are a class of significant industrial raw materials known as very toxic environmental pollutants that are found in wastewater and cause serious health problems.…”

“…Co(II), Ni(II), and Pd(II) metal ions react very quickly with MDTC to form colored and stable metal dithiocarbamates, which can be easier detected. The sol-gel poly-THF coated FPSE media was chosen for the extraction of metal ions as Co(MDTC) 2 , Ni(MDTC) 2 and Pd(MDTC) 2 complexes. Hydrophilic cellulose was selected as the fabric substrate because of its numerous sol-gel active functional groups in each of its dimer, which resulted in its unique ability to hold a high amount of sol-gel sorbents during the coating process.…”

“…As such, sample preparation is considered to be the most time-consuming but critical part of the whole analysis, which affects its effectiveness and performance. Therefore, the main purposes are the reduction of the matrix complexity and the separation and pre-concentration of the target analytes from the sample matrices in order to be ready for their introduction into the analytical instrument for identification and quantification [1,2].…”

“…It is estimated that the major drawbacks of most of the micro-extraction techniques are due to the primary contact surface area (PCSA) of the device and the coating technology that is applied to immobilize the sorbent on the substrate surface [2]. The PCSA is part of the surface area of the extraction media, which can be available for direct interaction with the analytes during the process.…”

“…A remarkable benefit of this two-step micro-extraction technique is the variety of the available sorbents that allows the application of the FPSE device in different kind of samples. Therefore, this simple, fast, and sensitive sample preparation technique can be successfully applied in environmental samples, biological samples, or food products [2,[8][9][10][11][12]. Taking into account all the reported FPSE methods in the literature so far, it is concluded that the majority of them (57.14%) was applied to environmental samples while applications to food samples (25%) and finally to biological samples (17.86%) follow.…”