Fabricating customized hydrogel contact lens

Childs, Andre; Li, Hao; Lewittes, Daniella M.; Dong, Biqin; Liu, Wenzhong; Xiao, Shuangjiu; Sun, Cheng; Zhang, Hao F.

doi:10.1038/srep34905

Cited by 65 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Transparent PEGDA serving as the layer for bonding two pieces of contact lenses satisfied this requirement (Figure S1a, Supporting Information). Moreover, when the microchannels (100–150 µm) were filled with tear fluid, the low refractive index contrast (<0.10) between contact lens (≈1.42) and tear fluid (≈1.34) would not significantly affect light transmission through the lens (Figure S1b, Supporting Information). The engraved microconcavities were slightly visible and distributed eccentrically, out of the line of sight (Figure S1b,c, Supporting Information).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfluidic Contact Lenses

Jiang

Montelongo

Butt

et al. 2018

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Contact lens is a ubiquitous technology used for vision correction and cosmetics. Sensing in contact lenses has emerged as a potential platform for minimally invasive point-of-care diagnostics. Here, a microlithography method is developed to fabricate microconcavities and microchannels in a hydrogel-based contact lens via a combination of laser patterning and embedded templating. Optical microlithography parameters influencing the formation of microconcavities including ablation power (4.3 W) and beam speed (50 mm s ) are optimized to control the microconcavity depth (100 µm) and diameter (1.5 mm). The fiber templating method allows the production of microchannels having a diameter range of 100-150 µm. Leak-proof microchannel and microconcavity connections in contact lenses are validated through flow testing of artificial tear containing fluorescent microbeads (Ø = 1-2 µm). The microconcavities of contact lenses are functionalized with multiplexed fluorophores (2 µL) to demonstrate optical excitation and emission capability within the visible spectrum. The fabricated microfluidic contact lenses may have applications in ophthalmic monitoring of metabolic disorders at point-of-care settings and controlled drug release for therapeutics.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfluidic Contact Lenses

Jiang

Montelongo

Butt

et al. 2018

Small

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“…Lab‐made contact lenses for diverse research purposes have been fabricated with multiple customized methods, mostly inspired to spin‐casting and injection molding techniques. Hydrogel contact lenses were recently fabricated using eyeball molds immersed in a petri dish containing a hydrogel, followed by polymerization and cutting . In the majority of cases, injection molding is used to fabricate contact lenses based on novel solutions incorporating sensing properties …”

Section: Contact Lens Manufacturementioning

confidence: 99%

Contact Lens Technology: From Fundamentals to Applications

Moreddu

Vigolo

Yetisen

2019

Adv Healthcare Materials

189

171

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Contact lenses are ocular prosthetic devices used by over 150 million people worldwide. Primary applications of contact lenses include vision correction, therapeutics, and cosmetics. Contact lens materials have significantly evolved over time to minimize adverse effects associated with contact lens wearing, to maintain a regular corneal metabolism, and to preserve tear film stability. This article encompasses contact lens technology, including materials, chemical and physical properties, manufacturing processes, microbial contamination, and ocular complications. The function and the composition of the tear fluid are discussed to assess its potential as a diagnostic media. The regulatory standards of contact lens devices with regard to biocompatibility and contact lens market are presented. Future prospects in contact lens technology are evaluated, with particular interest given to theranostic applications for in situ continuous monitoring the ocular physiology.

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“…The refractive indices specified by the model account for the spectral domain in which the eye appearance is being modeled (i.e., visible or near infrared), with the specific values derived from a variety of sources (Childs et al, 2016;Nikolov & Ivanov, 1999Sardar et al, 2007;Traynor et al, 2017). The position, curvature, and thickness of any modeled corrective lenses are computed by the analysis routines, based upon the specified spherical correction of the lens in diopters.…”

Section: Ray Tracingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A model of the entrance pupil of the human eye

Aguirre

2018

Preprint

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5The aperture stop of the iris is subject to refraction by the cornea, and thus an outside observer sees a virtual image: the "entrance pupil" of the eye. When viewed off-axis, the entrance pupil has an elliptical form. The precise appearance of the entrance pupil is a consequence of the anatomical and optical properties of the eye, and the relative positions of the eye and the observer. This paper presents a ray-traced model eye that provides the parameters of the entrance pupil ellipse for an observer at an arbitrary location. The model is able to reproduce empirical measurements of the shape of the entrance pupil with good accuracy. I demonstrate that accurate specification of the entrance pupil of a stationary eye requires modeling of corneal refraction, the misalignment of the line-of-sight and optical axis, and the non-circularity of the aperture stop. The model, including a three-dimensional ray-tracing function through quadric surfaces, is implemented in open-source MATLAB code. 6 Introduction 7When viewed from the outside, the aperture stop of the iris is seen through corneal refraction. The image of the stop is the 8 entrance pupil of the eye. The precise appearance of the entrance pupil depends upon the anatomical and optical properties 9 of the eye, as well as the relative positions of the eye and the observer. Characterization of the entrance pupil is relevant for 10 modeling the off-axis image-forming properties of the eye (1), optimizing corneal surgery (2), and performing model-based 11 eye-tracking (3). 12The appearance of the entrance pupil as a function of horizontal viewing angle has been the subject of empirical measurement 13 over some decades (4; 5). As an observer views the eye from an increasingly oblique angle, the pupil takes on an ever-more 14 ellipitical appearance. Mathur and colleagues (6) measured the shape of the entrance pupil as a function of the nasal and 15 temporal visual field positions of a camera moved about a stationary eye. The ratio of the minor to major axis length of the 16 pupil ellipse (essentially the horizontal-to-vertical aspect ratio) was well-fit by a decentered and flattened cosine function of 17 viewing angle. Fedtke and colleagues (7), using optical software, obtained a function with similar form by ray trace simulation 18 of a rotationally symmetric cornea (8). As will be developed, the fit of this previous model to empirical data is imperfect. 19Here I present a ray-traced model eye that provides the ellipse parameters of the entrance pupil as seen by an observer 20 at an arbitrary location. The model accounts for individual variation in biometric parameters, including spherical refractive 21 error. The location of the fovea is specified and used to derive the line-of-sight of the eye. The open-source MATLAB 22 code (https://github.com/gkaguirrelab/gkaModelEye) implements an invertible ray-tracing solution that can 23 incorporate artificial lenses (e.g., spectacles, contacts) in the optical path between eye and observer. I simulate the circumstances 24 of ...

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Fabricating customized hydrogel contact lens

Cited by 65 publications

References 35 publications

Microfluidic Contact Lenses

Microfluidic Contact Lenses

Contact Lens Technology: From Fundamentals to Applications

A model of the entrance pupil of the human eye

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