Fabrication and characterization of aligned macroporous monolith for high-performance protein chromatography

Freeze casting – A review of processing, microstructure and properties via the open data repository, FreezeCasting.net

“…11(d) is a polystyrene material obtained using 30 wt.% polystyrene dissolved in a fluid system of 7-10 wt.% polyethylene glycol in dioxane [349]. A similar structure was obtained by freeze gel-casting using a fluid system consisting of dodecanol-27 wt.% dioxane-23 wt.% triproplyene gycol-17 wt.% cyclohexanol and dissolved monomers, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) [350]. TBA is, after water, the second most commonly utilized fluid in the freeze-casting literature.…”

“…These techniques include: immersion, adjusting velocity by increasing or decreasing an air gap between the freezing substrate and the base of the suspension [296] as well as applying exponential [239] and parabolic cooling functions. The immersion technique, which involves dipping a vial (typically glass) containing suspension or polymer solution into a cold bath at a constant rate, is the most commonly employed technique for achieving constant velocity [1,212,223,341,342,350,[423][424][425][426][427][428][429][430][431][432][433][434][435][436][437][438][439][440]. In this case, the "dipping rate", analogous to "pulling velocity" using the Bridgman technique is taken as the solidification velocity.…”

Ice Templating Soft Matter: Fundamental Principles and Fabrication Approaches to Tailor Pore Structure and Morphology and Their Biomedical Applications

“…[14] Favoring one form of freezing over the other depends on the need for aligned porosity (anisotropy) to be incorporated into the scaffold. Scaffolds with anisotropic porosity have been researched for a range of applications, including solid-state lithium batteries, [15] cardiac patch engineering, [16] chromatography, [5] and supercapacitor electrodes. [17] As highlighted by the over tenfold increase in different forms of ice templating publications between 2001 and 2016, [13] the online comprehensive database freezecasting.net, and the multi ple reviews written on unidirectional freezing, [13,14,18a,b] it is clear that ice templating is a widely utilized and versatile technique.…”

“…For example, pore organization in tissue analogs must mimic the natural organizational distribution of cells in the target tissue, [3] pore morphology in drug delivery scaffolds is optimized to control scaffold permeability and ultimately drug release rates, [4] and scaffolds used in chromatography require independent pores aligned along a single dominant direction to allow for high fluid throughput and to prevent lateral diffusion. [5] As an approach to incorporating these morphologies, ice templating is one common processing technique used to introduce unique architectures into porous scaffolds. Ice templating imparts porosity through introduction of ice into a material solution, suspension, or slurry.…”

"DEVELOPMENT OF Ti4+-IMMOBILIZED NANOPOROUS MONOLITHIC POLYMER FOR SELECTIVE SEPARATION AND DETECTION OF PHOSPHOPEPTIDES "

“…Thus, monolithic-based columns hold influential positions in chromatographic separation as an alternative to conventional packaging columns due to their less time-consuming and rapid dynamics. [4][5][6] There are many reports of monolithic columns using silica, organic polymer, and hybrid inorganic-organic materials. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] The application of monoliths has been extended from the original separation media to microreactors and solid phase extractors.…”