Fabrication and characterization of apigenin-loaded chitosan/gelatin membranes for bone tissue engineering applications

Abstract

Fabricating degradable polymer-based membranes has attracted much attention for guided bone regeneration. Chitosan/gelatin (Cs/Gel) composites are among the most known scaffolds with structural similarity to bone matrix and a high potential to support cell attachment and proliferation. Recently, plant-derived phenolic compound apigenin has been identified to direct the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and retain osteoblast metabolic functions. We incorporated apigenin into Cs/Gel membranes to improve apigenin bioavailability and get proper concentrations for efficient biological activities. Apigenin-loaded Cs/Gel membranes were prepared using a solution casting method with various apigenin contents (0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 µM). Chemical composition, morphological characteristics, swelling behavior, degradation rate, and apigenin release from membranes were evaluated. Saos-2 osteoblasts were cultured on membranes to investigate cell-membrane interaction, proliferation, viability, and mineralization under the osteogenic culture condition. The results showed that membranes had homogeneous and moderate rough surfaces, facilitating osteoblast attachment and expansion. Swelling ratios exceeded 200%, reaching a stable rate in 24 h. Apigenin-loaded membranes degraded slower in vitro. Membranes containing lower apigenin concentrations exhibited a higher cargo release profile over 21 days. Apigenin improved osteoblast proliferation and viability, but the mineralization depended on apigenin dose, with optimized values at low concentrations. These data suggested that Cs/Gel membranes loaded with low apigenin contents improved osteoblast survival, proliferation, and mineralization.

Apigenin: A Bioflavonoid with a Promising Role in Disease Prevention and Treatment

“…The Saos-2 osteoblasts were cultured on membranes to examine the cell–membrane interaction, viability, proliferation, and mineralization under the osteogenic culture condition. Based on the findings, study data suggested that Cs/Gel membranes loaded with low apigenin contents could enhance the survival, proliferation, and mineralization of osteoblasts [ 217 ]. The newly developed encapsulated Ap (Ap-CH-BSA-FANPs) was characterized as well as tested in vitro.…”

A hybrid construct of decellularized matrix and fibrin for differentiating adipose stem cells into insulin‐producing cells, an optimized in vitro assessment

“…The main factors determining SC differentiation are extracellular matrix (ECM) components, cell‐ECM, cell‐cell interactions, and soluble bioactive factors 10 . Regarding the importance of ECM in regulating cell behavior, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) assemble cells, scaffolds, and biomolecules as artificial biomimetic constructs that replace or accelerate the regeneration of damaged tissues 11 . Decellularized tissues are favorable options for scaffold fabrication because they mimic the morphological, compositional, and biomechanical cues of native tissues 12,13 …”

“…10 Regarding the importance of ECM in regulating cell behavior, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) assemble cells, scaffolds, and biomolecules as artificial biomimetic constructs that replace or accelerate the regeneration of damaged tissues. 11 Decellularized tissues are favorable options for scaffold fabrication because they mimic the morphological, compositional, and biomechanical cues of native tissues. 12,13 Amniotic membrane (AM) is the biological waste of labor and an accessible source of ECM rich in collagens, laminin, fibronectin, hyaluronic acid, and growth factors.…”

Fabrication, characterization, and in vivo implantation of eugenol-loaded nanogels and PCL/Cs electrospun nanofibers for wound healing applications

“…Cs is a proper candidate for wound healing because it is cost-benefit, non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, and mucoadhesive. 3 Also, Cs is highly helpful in hindering bacterial, fungal, and viral infections and absorbing water and biological fluids. 4 Eugenol (phenylpropanoid) is a herbal phenolic compound isolated from essential oils of the Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, and Myristicaceae families and abundantly found in clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum).…”

“…Cs is a proper candidate for wound healing because it is cost-benefit, non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, and mucoadhesive. 3 Also, Cs is highly helpful in hindering bacterial, fungal, and viral infections and absorbing water and biological fluids. 4…”