“…Solar-driven carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) reduction and water (H 2 O) oxidation, known as photocatalysis, represent a promising avenue for addressing energy scarcity, mitigating the greenhouse effect, and achieving the objectives of “carbon peak” and “carbon neutrality”. 1–3 Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), recognized as one of the most important photocatalysts, has garnered extensive attention owing to its cost-effectiveness, alluring properties, and structural stability. 4,5 Nevertheless, its photocatalytic efficacy often falls short of expectations, primarily attributable to the wide bandgap and inefficient separation of photogenerated carriers.…”